Macromolecular nomenclature

The largest part of the subject is the nomenclature of organic compounds, simply because there are so many of them, and of such diverse nature. The types of compounds and stmctures differ considerably among organic, inorganic, and biochemical substances, and each of their respective nomenclatures has developed somewhat differendy, although not independendy. Macromolecular nomenclature and pharmaceutical nomenclature have practical requirements of their own. It is therefore appropriate to treat each of these several areas separately. 

A Macromolecular Division of lUPAC was created in 1967, and it created a permanent Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature, parallel to the other nomenclature commissions. The Commission over the years has issued recommendations on basic definitions, stereochemical definitions and notations, stmcture-based nomenclature for regular single-strand organic polymers and regular single-strand and quasisingle-strand inorganic and coordination polymers, source-based nomenclature for copolymers, and abbreviations for polymers. AH of these are coUected in a compendium referred to as the lUPAC Purple Book (99). 

Recommendations on additional aspects of macromolecular nomenclature such as that of regular double-strand (ladder and spiro) and irregular single-strand organic polymers continue to be pubHshed in I ure and Applied Chemistty (100,101). Recommendations on naming nonlinear polymers and polymer assembHes (networks, blends, complexes, etc) are expected to be issued in the near future. 

Examples of the two macromolecular nomenclature systems are as foUows. For source-based names for homopolymers and copolymers polyacrylonitrile, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(acrylainide- (9-vinylpyrroHdinone), polybutadiene- /oi / -polystyrene, and poly(propyl... 

International Union of Pure and AppHed Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, BlackweU, Oxford, U.K., 1991. 

J. Brandmp and E. H. Immergut, eds.. Polymer Handbook, 3rd ed., John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1989. lUPAC, Macromolecular Division, Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature, PureAppl. Chem. 57, 1427—1440 (1985). 

The Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has published a nomenclature for single-strand organic polymers Pure and Applied Chemistry, 48, 375 (1976)). In addition the Association for Science Education in the UK has made recommendations based on a more general lUPAC terminology, and these have been widely used in British schools. Some examples of this nomenclature compared with normal usage are given in Table 2. 

IUPAC Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature, Nomenclature of regular single-strand organic polymers (Recommendations 1975), Pure Appl. Chem., 48, 373-385 (1976) Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p.91 (1991). 

The IUPAC Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature recommended micronetwork as a term for microgel [47] and defined it as a highly ramified macromolecule of colloidal dimensions. However, it should be noted that a micronetwork implies a structure and not a macromolecule or a particle, that a high ramification is not typical for these molecular particles and that the same wrong dimension is used as with microgel. 

IUPAC Macromolecular Division (1995) Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature, Recommendations 1995... 

Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature, 17 403-404 Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (CNIC), 17 392 Committee on Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants, 26 585 Committee on Nomenclature, Terminology, and Symbols (American Chemical Society), 17 386... 

Macromolecular nomenclature, 17 403 404 Macromolecular structure, of polyamide fibers, 19 740... 

Source air pollution sampling, 26 673 Source-based macromolecular nomenclature, 17 403 Source-drain current, 22 136 Source gases, 13 456... 

This document relies on the basic definitions of terms in polymer science [1]. It was the second in a series published by the Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature dealing with definitions of physical and physicochemical terms in the polymer field (for the first in the series, see Reference [2]). 

This document provides definitions of the basic terms that are widely used in the field of liquid crystals and in polymer science (See references 1-39). It is the first publication of the Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature dealing specifically with liquid crystals. 

The aim of this chapter is to introduce and summarize the work on polymer nomenclature which has emanated, firstly, from the Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature of the lUPAC Macromolecular Division and, latterly, from the Sub-Committee on Polymer Terminology of the lUPAC Macromolecular (now Polymer) Division, jointly with the lUPAC Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division. The Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature is henceforth denoted as the Commission . 

In 1976, the lUPAC Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature published rules on the nomenclature of regular single-strand organic polymers. These were later revised [1]. A regular single-strand polymer is one which can be described by constitutional repeating units with only two terminals composed of one atom each. 

Graphic representations (chemical formulae) of macromolecules are used extensively in the scientific literature on polymers including lUPAC documents on macromolecular nomenclature. This document establishes rules for the unambiguous representation of macromolecules by chemical formulae. The rules apply principally to synthetic macromolecules. Insofar as is possible, these rules are consistent with the formulae given in lUPAC documents [2-4] and they also cover the presentation of formulae for irregular macromolecules [5], copolymer molecules [1, 6] and star macromolecules. 

The first recommendations on abbreviations for polymeric substances by the lUPAC Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature were published in 1974 [1], These were incorporated into an expanded list, published in 1986, by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) [2]. The lUPAC recommendations of 1974 and the ISO list of 1986 were published by lUPAC in 1987 [3] and reproduced as Chapter 9 of the first edition of the Purple Book. More recently, ISO published a revised list in 2001 [4] and the present list of abbreviations is derived Irom that list. 

Finally, we would like to thank our co-editors, Val Metanomski, Ted Wilks, Jaroslav Kahovec and Tatsuki Kitayama, for their sterling efforts over the long period of time needed to prepare this book for publication, and also the help of colleagues Aubrey Jenkins and Pavel Kratochvil, past Chairmen of the Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature, for their invaluable contributions during the final stages of the editorial labours. 

Chairman, lUPAC Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature, 1992 - 1999 MICHAEL HESS... 

Chairman, lUPAC Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature, 2000 - 2001 Chairman, lUPAC Sub-committee on Macromolecular Terminology, 2002 - 2005 Chairman, lUPAC Sub-committee on Polymer Terminology, 2005... 

Meeting Locations of the Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature (1968-2001) and of the Sub-committees on Macromolecular Terminology and Polymer Terminology (2002-2006), xvi... 

The first publication of the lUPAC in the area of macromolecular nomenclature was in 1952 by the Sub-commission on Nomenclature of the then lUPAC Commission on Macromolecules, which drew on the talents of such remarkable individuals as J. J. Hermans, M. L. Huggins, O. Kratky, and H. F. Mark. That report [1] was a landmark in that, for the first time, it systematized the naming of macromolecules and certain symbols and terms commonly used in polymer science. It introduced the use of parentheses in source-based polymer names when the monomer from which the polymer is derived consists of more than one word, a practice that is now widely followed, and it recommended an entirely new way of naming polymers based on their structure that included the suffix amer , a recommendation that has been almost totally ignored. After ten years, the Sub-commission issued its second report [2], which dealt with the then-burgeoning field of stereoregular polymers. A revision [3] of definitions in the original report appeared four years later. In 1968, a summary report [4] of the activities of the Subcommission was published. 

In 1968, the Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature of the Macromolecular Division (Division IV) was established under the Chairmanship of Kurt L. Loening with first Lionel C. Cross and later Robert B. Fox as Secretary. A series of major documents was produced that shaped modem polymer language. Most noteworthy was one that defined basic terms [5,6] and another on stracture-based nomenclature for regular singlestrand polymers [7,8]. The latter, originally developed by the Nomenclature Committee of the Polymer Division of the American Chemical Society and refined by the Commission, revolutionized polymer nomenclature by providing a systematic, consistent scheme particularly well-adapted to indexing it became the standard for Chemical Abstracts and... 

Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature (the Purple Book ), prepared for publication by W. V. Metanomski, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford (1991). (This compendium contains 9 chapters that are, in order, reprints of Refs. 6, 14, 19, 20, 8, 17, 18, 21, and 12.)... 

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