Abbreviations, accepted

Collections of three- and four-letter abbreviations of polymers have been made by many organizations. lUPAC Division of Applied Chemistry, Plastics and High Polymer Section (1969) Recommendations for Abbreviations for Terms relating to Plastics and Elastomers. Pure Appl Chem 18 583-589. Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature (1974) List of Standard Abbreviations (Symbols) for S)mthetic Polymer Materials. Pure Appl Chem 40 475 76. Eor a collection of abbreviations accepted internationally by many organizations see also Elias HG, Pethrick RA (1984) Polymer Yearbook. Harwood Acad Publ, Chur, Switzerland. 

This analysis, abbreviated as FIA for Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption, is standardized as ASTM D 1319 and AFNOR M 07-024. It is limited to fractions whose final boiling points are lower than 315°C, i.e., applicable to gasolines and kerosenes. We mention it here because it is still the generally accepted method for the determination of olefins. 

For dmgs approved originally between 1938 and 1962, the FDA has utilized the Abbreviated New Dmg AppHcation (ANDA) for review of generic products that are pharmaceutical equivalents of the initially approved products. In this way, costiy dupHcation of animal and human experimentation is avoided. The new manufacturer has to show only that its manufacturing methodology, specifications, quaUty control, and labeling are acceptable. In some cases, the FDA does require proof of bioequivalence. 

The nomenclature (qv) of polyamides is fraught with a variety of systematic, semisystematic, and common naming systems used variously by different sources. In North America the common practice is to call type AB or type AABB polyamides nylon-x or nylon-respectively, where x refers to the number of carbon atoms between the amide nitrogens. For type AABB polyamides, the number of carbon atoms in the diamine is indicated first, followed by the number of carbon atoms in the diacid. For example, the polyamide formed from 6-aminohexanoic acid [60-32-2] is named nylon-6 [25038-54-4], that formed from 1,6-hexanediamine [124-09-4] or hexamethylenediamine and dodecanedioic acid [693-23-2] is called nylon-6,12 [24936-74-1]. In Europe, the common practice is to use the designation "polyamide," often abbreviated PA, instead of "nylon" in the name. Thus, the two examples above become PA-6 and PA-6,12, respectively. PA is the International Union of Pure and AppHed Chemistry (lUPAC) accepted abbreviation for polyamides. 

Fig. 1. Widely accepted abbreviations used for sibcone groups.

The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of the materials designated synthetic elastomers and the elastomeric or mbbery state. Subsequent entries describe the individual classes of elastomers in detail. Table 1 provides a fundamental description of the principal classes of synthetic elastomers. Table 2 gives the widely accepted ASTM abbreviations for synthetic mbbers. 

In this introductory chapter, I shall focus on the institutional beginnings of materials science, and materials engineering as well indeed, MSE became an accepted abbreviation at quite an early stage. Following an examination, in Chapter 2, of the earlier emergence of some related disciplines, the intellectual antecedents to and development of materials science in its early stages are treated in Chapter 3. The field made its first appearance in USA, and for a number of years developed only in that country. Its development elsewhere was delayed by at least a decade. 

Thus chemists have accepted 0°C and one atmosphere as convenient standard conditions. These conditions, 0°C and 760 mm pressure, are called standard temperature and pressure and are abbreviated STP. 

Traveller s diarrhoea may be eaused by one of many gastrointestinal pathogens (Table 6.4). However, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is the most common pathogen. Whilst it is generally short-lived, traveller s diarrhoea can seriously mar a brief period abroad, be it for holiday or business purposes. Although not universally accepted, the use of short-course co-trimoxazole or quinolone such as norfloxacin can abbreviate an attack in patients with severe disease. 

While I feel that substances which only meet the abbreviated definition do not justify being called neurotransmitters, they will be treated as such in this text because this is the accepted practice and they are substances released from neurons to affect CNS function. Clearly, it is more important to distinguish between the different effects that a substance can produce when released from a nerve than to worry about what it is called. Nevertheless, it is unfortunate that the word neurotransmitter will inevitably be associated with the actual transmission of activity from one neuron to another and yet most of the substances we will be discussing do not actually do that. 

Abbreviations for the solvents used are as follows C = Chloroform, E = Ethanol Elemental (C,H,N) analysis indicated that the calculated and observed values were within the acceptable limits ( 0.4%)... 

The limit of determination [or limit of quantitation (LOQ)] is defined in Directive 96/46/EC as the lowest concentration tested at which an acceptable mean recovery (normally 70-110%) and acceptable relative standard deviation (normally <20%) are obtained. The specific requirements for LOQ in crops, food, feed, soil, drinking and surface water, air, body fluids, and tissues are described in Section 4. Because the abbreviation LOD usually means limit of detection rather than limit of determination, the authors prefer not to use this abbreviation here in order to avoid confusion, and LOQ is used throughout. According to Directive 96/46/EC no data with regard to the limit of detection must be given. 

Medical abbreviations and their meanings. Placed at the end of each chapter, these lists facilitate learning the accepted shorthand used in real-world medical practice. 

The linearization of the periodic system is actually a step back, as a decisive characteristic is thereby lost the periodicity. And this is actually the key to understanding. But more about this soon. Nevertheless, a linear representation of the elements does make sense. Do I know all the names hidden behind the internationally accepted abbreviations Where is a particular element that interests me Which are its neighbors These and other such guestions can be guickly answered by consulting the chemometer. 

Figure 6.14 Schematic representation of the scoring system the example illustrated uses the Reference Center set of HER2/Chl7 ratios obtained for the SK-BR3 cell line at Run 4. In this case the lowest ratio obtained by a Reference Center was 3.19, and the highest was 4.10 participants submitting ratios within this range were judged to have achieved an appropriate result (score = 3). The lower cutoff for acceptable ratios (score = 2) was calculated as 3.19 minus 10% of 3.19, that is 2.87 and the upper cutoff was calculated as 4.10 plus 10% of 4.10, that is 4.51. Participants who submitted ratios outside these 10% cutoffs were judged to have achieved an inappropriate result and received a score of 1. Except in the case of the MDA-MB-453 cell line, misdiagnosis (amplified reported as nonamplified, and vice versa) resulted in a score of 0. Superscript notation and abbreviation used in figure Does not apply to results obtained for MDA-MB-453 cell line RC, Reference Center. See color insert.

Clinical laboratory parameters must be specified individually in the protocol. Abbreviations such as SMA-6 or SMA-12 are not acceptable, as different laboratories include different tests in their SMA-6 (or SMA-12 ) battery, and... 

Abbreviations are your friends. You can save time by using commonly accepted abbreviations for chemical variables and graphical curves. With practice, you will get more adept at their use. There are a number of abbreviations present in the additional information supplied with the test. If you use any other abbreviations, make sure you define them. 

Although the most frequently used nomenclature for AHLs was initially based on a 3-5 letter codes based on names e.g. BHL for N-butyryl-L-homo-serine lactone, OHHL for AT-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone or OdDHL for N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone, the rapid expansion in the range of AHL molecules discovered has led to changes in this nomenclature. Currently, the accepted abbreviations are a structure-based short-hand notations e.g. C4-HSL for N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone, 3-oxo-C6-HSL (or 30,C6-HSL) for AT-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone or 3-hydroxy-C12-HSL (or 30H,C12-HSL) for N-(3-hydroxydodecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone. 

As this abbreviated review has indicated there is no universally accepted interpretation of Cl shifts in iron compounds, and most of the empirical correlations that have been found are limited to either one spin state, or to one or two valence states. In most cases it is clear that the failure to find extended agreement between data and theory is because the theory has been forced to a limit where its approximations are no longer valid. Probably the main reason for the limited success of empirical correlations—e.g., the Cl shift with the nepheleuxetic and spectrochemical series or with electronegativity differences—is that the Cl shift depends on electron density distributions while the other quantities by-and-large depend on, or are measures of, electronic energy level differences. Since there is usually no simple relationship between the two quantities, the limited agreement is not surprising. It is clear that the... 

Other abbreviations need to be written out in full form before using the abbreviated form, for example, tetrahydrofuran (THF). See The ACS Style Guide for a long list of accepted abbreviations. 

The ACS Style Guide includes a long list of accepted abbreviations to discourage authors from creating their own. Moreover, authors should not use abbreviations... 

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