Standard abbreviations

Many references to the original literature have been included remembering that some of the best references happened to be in the older literature. Every effort has been made to provide the best references but this may not have been achieved in all cases. Standard abbreviations, listed on page 1, have been used throughout this edition to optimise space, except where no space advantage was achieved, in which cases the complete words have been written down to improve the flow of the sentences. 

Table 3 Standard abbreviations for rubbery materials (based on ISO Recommendation and ASTM D 1418)...

The following standard abbreviations are used throughout this section. 

In addition to SI units ("Systeme International ), the still occasionally used cgs system and the list of symbols at the beginning of the book, the following standard abbreviations are used ... 

Get used to writing the standard abbreviations for units and the proper symbols at the beginning of your study of chemistry, and you will not get mixed up later. 

Figure 7.2. A field surface with transect, a gridded section (grid in lower left) and different topographic features. If the whole field were to be sampled, the whole field would be gridded. FgB, SnA, and XeB are standard abbreviations for different types of soil. 

Standard abbreviations are used (See ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, Guy, 1976). Additional tests are described in Mental Measurements Yearbook (Buros, 1978). 

In nature, eight common nucleotides exist, four found in DNA and four in RNA. In the standard abbreviations for DNA nucleotides, a lowercase d specifies the presence of deoxyribose. RNA nucleotides lack this designation. Nucleosides have names of one word (e.g., deoxyadenosine, cytidine, and uridine). The ending monophosphate completes the nucleotide names. Table 16.1 lists correct names for all common nucleotides and nucleosides, and Figure 16.9 shows linkages and structures for all eight nucleotides. 

Amino acids in proteins Standard abbreviation Molecular mass ... 

AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS Table 13.1 Amino acids structures and standard abbreviations... 

Label all axes. A common format is to use unbolded font and to capitalize only the first letter of words (e.g., Reaction Time, not REACTION TIME). Place units in parentheses, using standard abbreviations (e.g., min, s) and special characters (e.g., a, p, m, Cb). Place labels outside and parallel to the axes. 

List of standard abbreviations (symbols) for synthetic polymers and polymer materials 191 A, Pure Appl. Chem. 40, 473-476 (1974). Superseded by Ref 12. 

If we look at pounds instead of dollars, we see the more gradual increases of the last twenty years in U.S. production (Fig. 16.2) for the five major polymers. Be sure to know the important standard abbreviations for the major plastics high-density polyethylene (HOPE), low-density... 

Figure 1. Amino acid sequence of human ACTH (6). a-MSH is [Ac-Ser", Val-NHjSjACTH-d-IS). The underlined sequence is ACTH-(4-10). Standard abbreviations are used for amino acids lUPAC-lUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Eur. J. Biochem. 1975, 53, 1-14 1972, 27, 201-7.

RGURE 8-39 Nucleoside phosphates General structure of the nucleoside 5 -mono-, di-, and triphosphates (NMPs, NDRs, and NTRs) and their standard abbreviations In the deoxyribonucleoside phosphates (dNMPs, dNDPs, and dNTPs), the pentose is2 -deoxy-D-ribose. 

Museum of Harvard University. Using the standard abbreviations for the herbaria of the world, these include the institutions listed in Appendix A. 

Any reference listed must be so specific that the reader could easily locate the information. References to books must include all authors and all initials the lull title and edition the volume (if more than one) publisher, place and date of publication any pages cited (either given in the text or included in the full reference). The ZSBN is optional but sometimes useful. References to journal articles must include all authors and all initials the lull title of the article, the journal name (or accepted standard abbreviation) volume number (underlined or in italics) part number (in brackets) inclusive page numbers for the article year of publication. 

Certain abbreviations are easily misinterpreted. Controlling dangerous abbreviations can reduce communication errors. Although many health care facilities have lists of abbreviations that are approved for use by professional staff, it would be far safer if each hospital also developed a list of abbreviations that never should be used. In fact, such a negative list is easier to maintain and enforce. In addition, The Joint Commission (TJC), has recommended that accredited organizations standardize abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols used throughout their facilities, including a list of abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols not to use. 

Use of non-standard abbreviations might let the paper go unnoticed, as the abbreviation in the title or in the text might not be recognized by automatic indexing services (e.g. MASS NMR instead of the common MAS NMR or MASNMR similarly, SSNMR for Solid-State NMR could mean high-resolution or broad-line NMR). 

Note that marked atoms are completely independent of whether there is a hydrogen atom attached to that particular carbon atom (indicated with the same underscored convention that has been a standard abbreviation in this nomenclature system). 

For a list of standard abbreviations, see inside back cover. 

List of Standard Abbreviations (Symbols) for Synthetic Polymers and Polymer Materials, pp. 475-576, IUPAC, Butterworths, 1974. 

Table 12-4 presents the standard abbreviations for nucleic acids. 

For the place of publication, give the city and state for U.S. cities or the city and country for all others. The country or state is not needed if the city is considered a major city in the world and could not be confused easily with other cities of the same name (e.g., London, Paris, New York, and Rome). Use the two-letter postal abbreviations (listed in Chapter 10) for states. Spell out names of countries unless they have standard abbreviations, such as U.K. for United Kingdom. 

Select < Screen Only>. This will display all the polymers available in this data base along with the molecular weights if they are known. It also gives the standard abbreviations for these polymers. 

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