Names and abbreviations

Table 1 Hsts a number of chelating agents, grouped according to recognized stmctural classes. Because systematic nomenclature of chelating agents is frequently cumbersome, chelants are commonly referred to by common names and abbreviations. For the macrocyclic complexing agents, special systems of abbreviated nomenclature have been devised and are widely used. Some of the donor atoms involved ia chelation and the many forms ia which they can occur have been reviewed (5).

The Common a-Amino Acids (names and abbreviations below structures)... 

Units may be combined together into derived units to express a property more complicated than mass, length, or time. For example, volume, V, the amount of space occupied by a substance, is the product of three lengths therefore, the derived unit of volume is (meter)3, denoted m3. Similarly, density, the mass of a sample divided by its volume, is expressed in terms of the base unit for mass divided by the derived unit for volume—namely, kilogram/(meter)3, denoted kg/m3 or, equivalently, kg-m-3. The SI convention is that a power, such as the 3 in cm3, refers to the unit and its multiple. That is, cm3 should be interpreted as (cm)3 or 10-6 m3 not as c(m3), or 10 2 m3. Many of the more common derived units have names and abbreviations of their own. 

Most studies of micellar systems have been carried out on synthetic surfactants where the polar or ionic head group may be cationic, e.g. an ammonium or pyridinium ion, anionic, e.g. a carboxylate, sulfate or sulfonate ion, non-ionic, e.g. hydroxy-compound, or zwitterionic, e.g. an amine oxide or a carboxylate or sulfonate betaine. Surfactants are often given trivial or trade names, and abbreviations based on either trivial or systematic names are freely used (Fendler and Fendler, 1975). Many commercial surfactants are mixtures so that purity can be a major problem. In addition, some surfactants, e.g. monoalkyl sulfates, decompose slowly in aqueous solution. Some examples of surfactants are given in Table 1, together with values of the critical micelle concentration, cmc. This is the surfactant concentration at the onset of micellization (Mukerjee and Mysels, 1970) and can therefore be taken to be the maximum concentration of monomeric surfactant in a solution (Menger and Portnoy, 1967). Its value is related to the change of free energy on micellization (Fendler and Fendler, 1975 Lindman and Wennerstrom, 1980). 

Robinson, P.G. (1982). Common names and abbreviated formulae for fatty acids (letter to the Editor). Journal of Lipid Research 23 1251-1253. 

Signal Molecule Name and Abbreviation Organism Phenotype(s)... 

Name and abbreviation, formed from the first three letters of the name (e.g., histidine, His)... 

Trade (and/or brand) names and abbreviations are often used to describe a particular material or a group of materials. They may be used to identify the product of a manufacturer, processor, or fabricator, and may be associated with a particular product or with a material or modified material, or a material grouping. Trade names are used to describe specific groups of materials that are produced by a specific company or under license of that company. Bakelite is the trade name given for the phenol-formaldehyde condensation developed by Baekeland. A sweater whose material is described as containing Orion contains polyacrylonitrile fibers that are protected under the Orion trademark and produced or licensed to be produced by the holder of the Orion trademark. Carina, Cobex, Dacovin,... 

Trade names and abbreviations are frequently used in the literature and in oral communication, e.g. nylon 66 for poly(hexamethylene adipamide), Teflon or PTFE for poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and Lucite or PMMA for poly(methyl methacrylate). Other common abbreviations are listed below ... 

Chemical structures, names, and abbreviations of modern typical ILs, most of which will be discussed in fhis chapter, are listed in Table 1 of the Introduction. 

Common ionic liquids—structure, name, and abbreviation.xv... 

Tandem mass spectrometers are just one type of mass spectrometer and there are many abbreviations and terms that are used commonly. Tandem mass spectrometers have been given many shorten names and abbreviations from tandem mass to TMS (many say they use these terms because of the challenge of pronouncing spectrometry). Unfortunately, these are incorrect abbreviations and it is essential to use tandem mass spectrometry with proper terms (TMS is and abbreviation for trimeth-ylsilyl derivatives used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry). The acceptable shortened name or abbreviation is tandem MS (where mass spectrometry is abbreviated and it removes the challenging spectrometry pronunciation) or MS/MS [ 1 ]. 

FIGURE 7-12 Some common disaccharides. Like maltose in Figure 7-11, these are shown as Haworth perspectives. The common name, full systematic name, and abbreviation are given for each disaccharide. 

Write the names and abbreviations for each of the prefixes from 10-24 to 1024. Which abbreviations are capitalized ... 

As we have seen in some of the examples described above, an added complication in performing chemical calculations often involves the presence of units. More often than not, these numbers may be expressed in scientific form, and so, in order to rationalize and simplify their specification, it is conventional to use the names and abbreviations given in Table l. 2, adjusting the decimal number given as prefix as appropriate. 

Table 1.2 Names and abbreviations used to specify the order of magnitude of numbers expressed in scientific notation...

Notice that in the conventions used for names and abbreviated formulas the amino acid with the free amino group the N-terminal amino acid) always is written on the left. The amino acid with the free carboxyl group (the C-termi-... 

Table 1 gives the names and abbreviations used for the hemoproteins. The reconstituted cyanoferrimyoglobins, where protoheme IX was replaced by deuteroheme IX or mesoheme IX, will be referred to as DeutMbmCN and MesoMbinCN. For mixed state hemoglobins the states of the individual subunits will be indicated. For example in Hb l1 jSspCN) the a-chains would be in the deoxy-form, and the /9-chains in the cyanoferri-form. 

Name and abbreviation Temperature in (°C) Electrolyte Fuel Effiency (%) Envisaged application... 

FIGURE 18.1 Structure, names, and abbreviations of the applied cinchona alkaloids. The Cn modifiers depicted on the left preferentially lead to (S)-alcohols, members of the Cd family to (f )-alcohols. 

When this sudoku puzzle is assigned, some training of students is recommended. One possibility is, at the onset of the discussion of amino acids, to hand out the puzzle and to use it as one of the visual aids to point out the basics of amino acids. The instructor can show the correlation of the name, structure, and abbreviations and then follow up with a demonstration of the method and thought process used to solve the puzzle. For instance, as a class, one may complete all instances of lysine in the puzzle. Students who are unfamiliar with this type of puzzle would learn the strategy necessary. All students would better comprehend the necessity of identifying which structures, names, and abbreviations are correlated with each other. 

Fig. 2.2 Structure, full name and abbreviations for the anions discussed in this section.

FIGURE 11.17 PCA loadings for raw mean-centered augmented data matrix from top to bottom, first to fifth (PCI to PC5) principal components. Compound names and abbreviations are as follows alachlor (ALA), atrazine (ATR), bentazone (BEN), biphenyl (BIF), 3-chlorophenol (3-CP), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), (2,4-dichlorophenosy)acetic acid (2,4-D), dichloroprop (DCP), dimethoate (DIM), linuron (LIN), h-chloro-z-methyphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), mecoprop (MEC), 4-chloro-3-methylphenol (MEP), metholachlor (MET), pen-tachlorophenol (PCP), simazine (SIM), (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T), tribu-tylphosphate (TBP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP). 

Table 5.4 Systematic Names, Common Names, and Abbreviations for Some Groups...

Twenty standard amino acids commonly occur in nature. They differ in the structure of the side chain that is attached to the a-carbon (the R group in the previous structure). Table 26.1 shows the structures of the standard amino acids at pFI 7, along with their names and abbreviations. 

There are two more isomers of the butyl group, both of which have common names and abbreviations. The sec-butyl group (s-butyl or s-Bu) has a methyl and an ethyl group joined to the same carbon atom. It appears in an organolithium compound, sec-butyl lithium, used to introduce lithium atoms into organic molecules. 

Chart 2 Structures of axial ligands L in [Re(L)(CO)3(N,N)] . The same names and abbreviations are used in the text and the chart. Bridge in the lower-left structure stands for -NH-C(0)-ph--CH=CH-ph-, or -C=C-ph- Some of the pyridine-based ligands also form complexes of the type [Re(Cl)(CO)3(L)2] ... 

For genus and species names, spell out the full genus name in the title, in the abstract, and the first time it appears in text. Abbreviate it thereafter with the same species name, but spell it out again with each different species name. Form the abbreviation with the initial of the genus name. If the paper contains more than one genus name that starts with the same initial letter, devise abbreviations that distinguish them. Use italic type for all names and abbreviations. 

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