Polyesters 431 Sulphonation

Poly(ethylene terephtlhalate) Phenol-formaldehyde Polyimide Polyisobutylene Poly(methyl methacrylate), acrylic Poly-4-methylpentene-1 Polyoxymethylene polyformaldehyde, acetal Polypropylene Polyphenylene ether Polyphenylene oxide Poly(phenylene sulphide) Poly(phenylene sulphone) Polystyrene Polysulfone Polytetrafluoroethylene Polyurethane Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Poly(vinyl butyral) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Poly(vinyl formal) Polyvinylcarbazole Styrene Acrylonitrile Styrene butadiene rubber Styrene-butadiene-styrene Urea-formaldehyde Unsaturated polyester... 

The polyester sizes used have a much lower average molecular mass than polyester fibres. These structures (10.69) contain sulphonic acid groups and may be water-soluble or water-dispersible types. The degree of sulphonation is low [171]. If these resins are subjected to a high pH, the sulphonate groups can be hydrolysed, giving an insoluble resin that is very difficult to remove from the fibres. 

Using simple laboratory equipment, it is possible to detect variations of the density of the order of 1 kg m-3 therefore, density measurements would be useless for diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and diamino diphenyl methane (DGEBA-DDM), because both components have close Ma values. They would be moderately sensitive for unsaturated polyesters of maleate/ phthalate (1/1) of propylene glycol crosslinked by styrene (36 wt%), and relatively sensitive for DGEBA cured by diamino diphenyl sulphone (DDS) or phthalic anhydride (PA), for which relative variations of the molar ratio y of about 5% could be detected. In certain cases, where some comonomer (PA or styrene) can be lost by evaporation during the cure, density measurements can constitute a simple and efficient method of control way (e.g., for non-filled materials). 

Oligomeric benzil ketals (DTGPA), prepared by reaction of 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone (DMPA) with triethyleneglycol, in the presence of p-toluen-sulphonic acid, are reported [88] to be efficient in the UV curing of styrene/ unsaturated polyester formulations giving rise to coatings with very low odour. 

Despite the numerous polyesters described in the literature, it is only recently that the cyclic populations of ring-chain equilibrates of linear aliphatic polyesters have been characterised. This characterisation was based on the well-known investigations of Carothers 121, 122) and his co-workers and the studies of Billmeyer 123-125) and his group. In particular, Billmeyer s wodc established tetraisopropyltitanate as a catalyst for producing equilibrium between ring and chain molecules in polyester systems. This is in contrast to the catalyst, p-toluene sulphonic acid, used by Jacobson, Beckmann and Stockmayer 127) in what was effectively the first attempt to study experimentally and theoretically the change in the total cyclic population of... 

The maleopimaric and acrylopimaric adducts, aftCT a three-step synthesis with ethylene glycol catalyzed by p-toluene sulphonic acid (pTS A), followed by epychlorydrine and by acrylic or methacrylic acid, led to the formation of vinyl-type ester monomers (Fig. 4.19), which wctc then submitted to radical copolymerization with styrene and tested as metal coatings [ 103]. A similar approach to coating materials was recently applied to prepare unsaturated polyester resins based on resin acid adducts, glycols and maleic anhydride [104, 105]. 

Most types of Hot melt adhesives used in the mannfacture of laminates and in rapid Packaging industry applications are mineral oil-derived, hydrophobic and essentially non-dispersible, so they cannot be considered as renewable. However, some basic polymers have been prepared over the last decade from vegetable sources, which are renewable, and are adhesive, although these properties have limitations. These include poly(hydro-xybutyrate/hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), poly(lactide) (which has poor thermal stability), and starch esters. Adhesives based on sulphonated polyesters with polar petroleum waxes have improved adhesion and adequate water dispersibility. In general, however, the perfect adhesive from renewable resources with satisfactory adhesion properties remains to be discovered. 

Anionic surfactants have been used for the preparation of polyester and polyether prepolymer foams. A variety of types of alkali salts of fatty sulphonates or salts of fatty acid or sulphonic acids with amines is described in the patent literature very few references exist for the use of cationic surfactants. 

Thermosetting resins are the polymers (polyester, vinylester, epoxies) that are generally used to manufacture parts of the machines to produce sustainable energy generators. In addition, thermoplastic resins such as polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyether sulphone (PES) and various liquid crystal polymers (LCP) are also used. The latter high-performance polymers also meet stringent out-gassing (relevant to space environments) and flammability requirements. 

Disperse colouring materials are used principally for colouring cellulose acetate, polyamide and polyester fibres. Their chemical structure is similar to that of the fat-soluble dyes. They belong to the compound classes of nitrodiphenylamine derivatives and azo- and anthraquinone dyes without a sulphonate group. They are more or less easily soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or difficultly soluble in water. Mixtures of disperse dyes can be separated on alumina columns, using solvents such as ether, methylene dichloride, ethyl acetate and tetrahydrofuran [71]. PC-separations on cellulose paper are incomplete [14, 30, 31, 73, 85]. Separations are better on acetyl-paper [29, 30, 43] or pre-treated paper [19, 20, 25, 44, 73]. 

PMSF, as a sulphonic acid fluoride very reactive by nature, is known as specific trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor (Fahrney and Grold, 1963). Howard et al. (1999) have found that Pseudomonas chloroaphis is able to degrade and utilize a polyester-urethane as a sole carbon and energy source using extracellular enzymes. A polyurethane-esterase was isolated molecular weight 27000 daltons. PMSF was suited as an effective polyurethane-esterase inhibitor. 

Other recent studies which involve and illustrate the power of the FTIR technique include surface studies of PVC systems with PMMA [192] and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) [193, 194] PVC with styrene/acrylonitrile copolymers [195] polyester/nitrocellulose [196] EVA copolymer with PVC and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) [197] and interactions in blends involving p-sulphonated polystyrene [198, 199]. FTIR techniques have been used to map the phase diagram of an aromatic polyamide-poly(ethylene oxide) blend [200], while microscopy-FTIR has been used to obtain information on intermolecular interactions and conformational changes in specific domains in functionalised polyolefins with PVC or polystyrene [201]. Segmental motions and microstructure studies from combined DSC and FTIR measurements have been used to interpret solid-state transitions in miscible rubber blends [202]. 

Urbanski " measured small amoimts of propylene oxide and epichlorohydrin in polyesters colorimetrically after reaction with a chloroform solution of 2,4-dinitro-sulphonic acid. 

Cook et aP studied the determination of chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc in polybutadiene, polyisoprene and polyester resins. The samples were ashed and the ash dissolved in nitric acid prior to x-ray analysis. No separation schemes are necessary and concentrations as low as 10 ppm can be determined without inter-element interference. Many investigators have obtained much higher recoveries using various ashing aids such as sulphuric acid, elemental sulphur " magnesium nitrate and benzene and xylene sulphonic acids than by dry ashing. 

Examples of type B polymers include aromatic polyesters and polyether-sulphones in which the luminescent chromophores have been identified as the aromatic ester carbonyl [81, 82, 547] and sulphonyl groups [4, 79]. 

The company, an affiliate of Sinopec, has 21 400 employees and owns 55 plants. Its major products include petroleum processing products, polystyrene, PP, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, EO, benzene, styrene, unsaturated polyester resin, ammonia, urea, alkylbenzene, alkylbenzene-sulphonate, alkylbenzene sodium sulphonate, heavy alkylbenzene, washing powder, plasticizers, printing and dyeing auxiliaries. The company has 110 000 tonnes/year of PP capacity and 10 000 tonnes/ year of polystyrene capacity. It plans to expand its refining capacity 24% by the end of 2004 to a total of 13 million tonnes/year. 

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