Polystyrene sulphonate

Strongly acidic cation exchangers (polystyrene sulphonic acid resins). These resins (Duolite C225, Amberlite 120, etc.) are usually marketed in the sodium form and to convert them into the hydrogen form (which, it may be noted, are also available commercially) the following procedure may be used. 

Examples include sodium dinaphthylme thane sulphonate s (section 10.6.1) and polyethoxylated alkylarylsulphates (section 9.4). Polymeric types, such as polystyrene sulphonate, have been tried but do not seem to offer any advantages. 

The serum potassium concentration can be effectively reduced by dialysis, and this is often indicated in patients presenting with renal failure and acute hy-perkaleamia. However, dialysis may take some time to institute, especially if the patient has to be transferred to a specialist centre. Calcium polystyrene sulphonate is often used, but there is little evidence of efficacy and its use is not entirely without risk. 

Notes Col. 1. — (i) PE-PSSA polystyrene sulphonic acid grafted onto a polyethylene matrix and containing indicated amounts of divinyl benzene 120) (ii) Ionac MC-3470 (Ionac Corp., USA) powdered mixture of PSSA ion exchanger and inert polymer compressed hot with embedded mesh of supporting material120) (iii) Cellophane PUT 600/23 sheet (British Cellophane Ltd.) washed to remove plasticizer110) (iv) Dye A C. I. Direct Blue 1 (tetrasulphonate substantive dye)110 (v) Dye B Procion Yellow HA (disulphonate reactive dye, I.C.I. Ltd.)121. ... 

Nafion-H was procurerd from Du Pont. It was repeatedly treated with 25% nitric acid at room temperature, washed free of acid, dried at 110°C for 16 hours and stored in airtight glass tube until use. Polystyrene sulphonic acid resin (Indian 130) was obtained from Ion Exchange (India) Ltd. Triflic acid was obtained from Fluka. All the chemicals used in the investigation were of Analytical Reagent1 grade. 

This type of ion-exchange membrane is prepared by solving a polymer and a polyelectrolyte in one solvent. After that a film is casted and the solvent evaporated. For example a sulphonic interpolymer membrane can be prepared from a solution of linear polystyrene sulphonic acid, Dynel (a copolymer of acrylonitrile and vinylchloride) and dimethyl formamide (43). Other examples are given in (44,45,84, 169). 

Case A was represented by water, which was printed onto polymethyl methacrylate for a set frequency at various substrate speeds, all of which were low enough for the deposited droplets to overlap. Large, unconnected sessile drops were formed instead, with their size found to be dependent on substrate speed and deposition frequency. Duineveld observed the same phenomenon for aqueous droplets of PEDOT/PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulphonic acid) printed onto CF4 treated glass (0, = 97°, 9r = 32°).24... 

THYROID HORMONES SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULPHONATE 1 levothyroxine levels... 

ANTACIDS - MAGNESIUM- CONTAINING SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULPHONATE Cases of metabolic alkalosis Uncertain possibly absorption of bicarbonate due to its abnormal neutralization in the stomach Consider an alternative antacid or administer sodium polystyrene sulphonate as an enema. If both need to be co administered orally, monitor U Es and blood gases closely... 

SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULPHONATE THYROID HORMONES -l levothyroxine levels 1 absorption Monitor TFTs regularly, and consider t dose of levothyroxine... 

In hyperkalaemia, oral administration or retention enemas of a polystyrene sulphonate resin may be used. A sodium phase resin (Resonium A) should obviously not be used in patients with renal or cardiac failure as sodium overload may result. A calcium phase resin (Calcium Resonium) may cause hypercalcaemia and should be avoided in predisposed patients, e.g. those with multiple myeloma, metastatic carcinoma, hyperparathyroidism and sarcoidosis. Enemas should be retained for as long as possible, although patients rarely manage for... 

Gardiner GW. Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulphonate) in sorbitol associated with intestinal necrosis in uremic patients. Can J Gastroenterol 1997 ll(7) 573-7. 

Olah [40c] has drawn attention to the fact that the first solid acid catalyst was suggested by Kameo, Nishimura and Manabe (71 ]. They used polystyrene-sulphonic acid with nitric acid, but the system was unstable, as the catalyst was degraded by the strong acid. Olah and associates [72] developed a nitrating agent from n-butyl nitrate and acetone cyanohydrine nitrate by adding a per-... 

Ravirajan P., Bradley D. D. C., Nelson J., Haque S. A., Durrant J. R., Smit H. J. P. and Kroon J. M. (2005b), Efficient charge collection in hybrid polymer/TiOa solar cells using poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulphonate as hole collector , App/. Phys. Lett. 86, 143101-1-143101-4. 

Insoluble salts Pamoate (embonate), polystyrene sulphonate (resinate)... 

Efficient charge collection in hybrid polymer/Ti02 solar cells using poly(ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrene sulphonate as hole collector. Appl Phys Lett 86 143101... 

The conductivity behavior of polyelectrolytes does not correspond to either of these low-molecular electrolytes. A considerable amount of experimental work has been carried out with various polyelectrolyte systems. The results of these investigations exhibit a wide diversity of conductivity behavior. Even measurements with the same kind of polyelectrolyte, carried out by different investigators, may differ considerably with regard to the value of equivalent conductivity, as well as to its concentration dependence. The factors that may affect the results are the purity of samples, the molar mass of the polyelectrolyte, and its molecular mass distribution. Polyelectrolytes that have been extensively studied and for which these factors can reasonably be controlled are polystyrene sulphonates (PSS). The acid (HPSS) can easily be prepared from narrow molecular mass polystyrene by sulphonation with concentrated sulphuric acid [25], As it is a strong acid, it... 

A polyelectrolyte is a polymer which, dissolved in water, ionizes and gives one poly-ion and small-size counter-ions. Thus, sodium polystyrene sulphonate is a typical poly-electrolyte. 

Osmotic pressure measurements of sodium polystyrene-sulphonate, with a molecular mass M = 4.5 x 105 have been made by Takahashi and Nagasawa,10 and the result is represented in Fig. 5.11. The abscissa is the mass-concentration... 

Fig. 5.11. Measured values of the osmotic pressure of an aqueous solution of sodium polystyrene-sulphonate for various values of the mass concentration p[g/Z] of polyelectrolyte. Molecular mass M = 3.5 x lO5.10...

---