Cement polyester

Vitroplast [Atlas Minerals Ghent] Polyester cement... 

Unlike the polyurethanes and other previously discussed mortars, polyester cements are produced by a free radical chain copolymerization of a liquid unsaturated polyester and styrene. While most polyester composites are reinforced by fiber glass, polyester mortars are usually filled with silica, clay or alumina trihydrate (ATH). 

Polyester cements were originally developed as grouting materials for brickwork in chlorine dioxide bleaching systems under the trade name of VitroplastThese products which are also used for the production of cultured marble and large pipes are discussed in detail in Chapters 6 and 7. 

It is important to point out that in spite of the ease of use, these resinous mortars, like many other chemical compositions, are toxic and adequate precautions must be taken to protect the health of the applicators. For example, the skin should be protected from the setting agents used in phenolic, urea, furan, and epoxy cements and adequate ventilation should be provided during the application of polyurethane and polyester cements to prevent the inhalation of volatile isocyanates and styrene respectively. However, once they are cured, these resinous cements are not hazardous. Actually, they are important energy conserving materials of construction. 

A typical two package polyester cement consists of an unsaturated polyester (41), cellulose acetate butyrate or polyvinyl acetate (1.8) and N,N-dimethylaniline (1) dissolved in styrene (18). This liquid (binder) is intimately mixed with a filler consisting of graded silica or solid glass spheres (15.5), talc (23), titanium dioxide (1.0) and benzoyl peroxide (1.0). 

Spode, which Is a well known manufacturer of chlnaware. Is now producing its plates, cups, and saucers In molds cast from polyester mortar.Polyester cements are also being used as roofing compositions and a mixture of polyester resin and Portland cement called Estercrete is being used to surface... 

The reaction in rejection molding process (RIM), which has been used for large polyurethane moldings, may hlso be uAe d with filled polyesters (RRIM). Likewise, much hydraulic cement art may be adapted to polyester cement technology. Both of these cements have been reinforced with silica and asbestos. Actually, over 3 million tons of asbestos has been used annually, world wide, for the reinforcement of hydraulic cements to produce composite corrugated sheet and pipe. 

Diethyleneglycol maleate in polyester cements Triglycidyl isocyanurate in silk-screen printing coatings Polyfunctional aziridine hardener... 

Polyester cement, hardened as is Propylene glycol, 2% (varnishes)... 

Tarvainen K, Jolanki R, Estlander T (1993a) Occupational contact allergy due to unsaturated polyester cements. Contact Dermatitis 28 220-224... 

Other. Vinyl acetate resins are useful as antishrinking agents for glass fiber-reinforced polyester mol ding resins (165). Poly(vinyl acetate)s are also used as binders for numerous materials, eg, fibers, leather (qv), asbestos, sawdust, sand, clay, etc, to form compositions that can be shaped with heat and pressure. Joint cements, taping compounds, caulks, and fillers are other uses. 

The physical properties of the reinforced polyester product made from chopped glass are Hsted in Table 1. The chemical resistance varies according to the composition but is generally good. Its principal uses in building products are for sanitary ware, eg, tub-shower units, and for panels, especially translucent or cement-filled types for roofing and walls of commercial or industrial buildings. 

Glass-reinforced polyester is the most widely used reinforced-resin system. A wide choice of polyester resins is available. The bisphenol resins resist strong acids as well as alkahne solutions. The size range is 2 through 12 in the temperature range is shown in Table 10-17. Diameters are not standardized. Adhesive-cemented socket joints and hand-lay-up reinforced butt joints are used. For the latter, reinforcement consists of layers of glass cloth saturated with adhesive cement. 

A number of cement materials are used with brick. Standard are phenolic and furan resins, polyesters, sulfur, silicate, and epoxy-based materials. Carbon-filled polyesters and furanes are good against nonoxidizing acids, salts, and solvents. Silica-filled resins should not be used against hydrofluoric or fluosihcic acids. Sulfur-based cements are limited to 93°C (200°F), while resins can be used to about 180°C (350°F). The sodium silicate-based cements are good against acids to 400°C (750°F). 

The main uses of toluene are as a solvent in paints, rubber, and plastic cements and as a feedstock in the manufacture of organic chemicals, explosives, detergents, and polyurethane foams. Xylenes (which exist as three isomers) are used in the manufacture of DMT, alkyd resins, and plasticizers. Naphthalene is mainly used in the manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals, insect repellents, and phthalic anhydride (used in the manufacture of alkyd resins, plasticizers, and polyester). 

Maximum chemical resistance of polyester mortars is obtained from cements made from isophthalic or biphenol resins. The biphenolic resins are preferred for alkaline and hypochlorite solutions. 

Cements, polyester, 30 CFCs. See Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Chain conformation, 54 Chain extenders, 213-214 structure of, 219 Chain extension, 216 Chain-growth polymerizations, 4 Char formation, 421, 423 Chelated phosphine ligands, 488 Chemical recycling, 208 Chemical structure... 

High-temperature cement formulations are basically polymer concrete. Mainly unsaturated polyesters or vinyl ester resins with allylphthalate as vinyl monomer are in use [927]. Cming is achieved with peroxides, which decompose sufficiently fast at temperamres between 120° and 200° C. Polymer concrete requires additional materials, which compensate shrinkage. 

Thermosets A number of thermosets have been used as adhesives. Phenolic resins were used as adhesives by Leo Baekeland in the early 1900s. Phenolic resins are still used to bind together thin sheets of wood to make plywood. Urea resins have been used since 1930 as binders for wood chips in the manufacture of particle board. Unsaturated polyester resins are used for body repair and PUs are used to bond polyester cord to rubber in tires, and vinyl film to particle board, and to function as industrial sealants. Epoxy resins are used in the construction of automobiles and aircraft and as a component of plastic cement. 

Polyisoprene (rubber), chlorinated polyethylene Wood, complex silicates (cement or ceramic tile), carpet (nylon, polyester, polyolefin)... 

Painted (flat latex) wallboard Cotton / polyester bedspread Masonite Brick (used) Wool carpet Cement block Wallboard... 

Unsaturated polyester resins have replaced lead for auto body repair, and polyurethanes (PUs) are being used to bond polyester cord to rubber in tires, to bond vinyl film to particleboard, and as industrial sealants. Epoxy resins are used in automotive and aircraft construction and as a component of plastic cements. 

Spent resins are generally compatible with the polymer matrix material. Generally, the polymer and the resin do not interact chemically. The immobilization of spent ion-exchange resins in polymers is a common application all over the world. Epoxy resins, polyesters, polyethylene, polystyrene and copolymers, polyurethane, phenol-formaldehyde, and polystyrene are among the polymers used (IAEA, 1988). Inorganic materials are generally not immobilized using polymers because they are more acceptable to other immobilization matrices such as cement. 

The major uses of mixed xylene are in aviation gasoline and protective coatings, and as a solvent for alkyd resins, lacquers, enamels and rubber cements. wetrr-Xylene is used as a solvent, as an intermediate for dyes and organic synthesis, especially isophthalic acid and insecticides, and in aviation fuel or// o-xylene is used in manufacture of phthalic anhydride, vitamin and pharmaceutical synthesis, dyes, insecticides, motor fuels para-xylene is used in synthesis of terephthalic acid for polyester resins and fibres, vitamin and pharmaceutical syntheses, and insecticides (Lewis, 1993). 

Air inlet louver boards shall be easily removed to permit access to the tower and designed for an even air distribution into the tower. Minimum thickness of louver board shall be 1 -inch nominal for wood and f-inch nominal for corrugated asbestos cement. Glass-reinforced polyester louvers may be employed. 

Clear polyester sheet stock and rods are available13 and, like reinforced polyester plastic, may be drilled, sawed, and machined. This clear plasic is harder than poly(methyl methacrylate) and much more solvent resistant than either po-lyfmethyl methacrylate) or polystyrene. As with all thermosetting plastics, it may not be heat-formed or solvent-bonded. However, bonding with epoxy cements is satisfactory. This plastic is claimed to give continuous service at 80°C and intermittent service up to 150°C. 

---