Discussion of results

FIGURE 10.36 Comparison of transmission spectra of PP and PP-MWNT (1%) through 

FIGURE 10.37 Confocal microscopy image of PA6/clay(2%). The image dimension is 

On the other hand, the addition of Cloisite 20A in PDMS reduces the crystallization temperature of the polymer. The melting temperature shows a sHght decrease, whereas the melting enthalpy presents significant decrease, starting from OMMT concentration of 2 phr, and remains almost constant with further clay addition. This might be due to restriction 

Silica nanoparticles decrease the temperatures of all the investigated transitions (T, T, T ) and, also, the enthalpies of cold crystallization (Table 17.3) and melting of the 

From the results of Table 17.4 it is observed that Cloisite 20 A seems to be more effective for the improvement of thermal resistance of the ncmocomposite. Improvement in thermcJ stability of the excunined orgcmoclay nanocomposites arises from the efficient dispersion of montmorillonite, which prevents heat transport. It can also be observed that for OMMT concentrations 8 and 10 phr no further enhancement of thermal resistance is achieved. 

Filler content T, (°C) onset Residue (%) T, ( C) onset Residue (%) 

Wang et al. [96] reported a decrease of char residue by increasing the amount of OMMT in addition-type sihcone rubber composites, whereas the initial and center temperatures of thermal degradation of these samples showed first an increase followed by decrease. Similar behavior was reported for hydroxyl-containing (condensation type) sihcone rubber composites, that are known to vulcanize via dehydration of the hydroxyl end groups [97]. It was concluded that there are two factors influencing the thermal stability of composites (i) the incorporation of efficiently dispersed OMMT, that can prevent heat transport and thus improve the thermal stability of composites, and (ii) the OMMT contains some molecules that are able to evolve even at low temperatures and, some of them, would certainly impair the thermal stability of composites. 

Our approach was to extract dominant Isj terms for each element on a moderately sized neutral calculation, freeze that smaller / set of terms, and use this simpler basis set with the methodology discussed in Section 1.3.2.2 when pasting together all the correlation 

The second great realization was that the remaining 2- to 4-electron piece of the anion and neutral bases were also remarkably consistent from system to system despite changing Z and n/m occupancy. This allowed us to tailor that piece of the bases on a simpler system such as Nd and apply the same replacements with j restrictions when performing the more complex calculations such as Tb . 

In addition to the linear relation of p binding energies, our analysis showed a trend in p attachments that produced an anion pi/2 attachment on either side of each low-lying neutral 

Because of the linear relationship of the p attachment for lowest binding energies across each row, a few precisely measured electron affinities should suffice to rescale our work to create higher quality estimates for the remaining anions. The survey also may be used to identify practical uses for these species. For example, we have suggested [1] that use of La opposite parity bound-to-bound transitions may provide a more efficient means of 

The optimum balance between column diameter and tray height is judged to be 1.8 m. This column diameter allows for a 20% margin in 

Key Word Deviation Possible Causes Consequences Action Required 

NONE No Flow 1. Pump failure. Deficient quality product and high NOx tail gas emission levels. a) Install LOW LEVEL ALARM on LIC at the base of the absorption column. 

LESS OF Less Flow 9. Flange leakage or valve stub blanked but leaking Decreased absorption. Lower product make. Covered by a),c), and d). 

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In this review the definition of orientation and orientation functions or orientation averages will be considered in detail. This will be followed by a comprehensive account of the information which can be obtained by three spectroscopic techniques, infra-red and Raman spectroscopy and broad line nuclear magnetic resonance. The use of polarized fluorescence will not be discussed here, but is the subject of a contemporary review article by the author and J. H. Nobbs 1. The present review will be completed by consideration of the information which has been obtained on the development of molecular orientation in polyethylene terephthalate and poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) where there are also clearly defined changes in the conformation of the molecule. In this paper, particular attention will be given to the characterization of biaxially oriented films. Previous reviews of this subject have been given by the author and his colleagues, but have been concerned with discussion of results for uniaxially oriented systems only2,3). 

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. From the final total energies of the optimized configurations of these four defects, it is possible to calculate a defect binding energy, for the hole to the Al, of 5.36 eV. This is done in the following way ... 

GL 26] [R 3] [P 28] See the discussion of results in the section Reactor model of micro bubble column performance, above [10]. 

In our initial use of VIRS methods, we have chosen a diverse set of projects. These include epithermal-style precious metal mineralization (eastern and central Newfoundland), mesothermal gold mineralization (Central Newfoundland), syngenetic VMS mineralization and related alteration (Central Newfoundland), porphyry-style Mo-Cu mineralization (southern Newfoundland) and uranium mineralization in the Central Mineral Belt of Labrador. Space does not permit detailed discussion of results, but in all cases we were able to recognize distinctive alteration species and document their distribution. In some cases, results provided surprises, eg., the recognition of topaz in quartz-alunite alteration and possible Li-rich micas in VMS alteration influenced by magmatic fluids. In some cases, the resolution of species in mixed assemblages proved to be difficult, but the overall spectral patterns could still be used to discriminate alteration facies and demonstrate their superposition. 

Results obtained by LC should be discussed in comparison with the identification that could be achieved by the time-saving FIA-MS and MS-MS technique. With the application of time-consuming LC separations, many problems observed in the determination and identification of the constituents of complex mixtures can be solved. The problems that were still observable under these improved possibilities of column separation applied to this commercially available household detergent formulation become obvious with the discussion of results presented in Fig. 2.5.11. 

Authors frequently resort to Valence Bond Theory and its picturesque canonical forms in discussions of results. Readers must make their own judgements on the utility of such approaches. In this chapter we merely report the views of the original authors. 

Kleinert, T. N. Alkaline Pulping Studies VI. Discussion of Results and the Principles of Rapid Delignification. Tappi 48, 477—451 (1965). 

The rigorous theory is well known [114], but approximations for cr and tr are used in the following discussion of results derived by means of the formalism given by Vauthier et al. [115]. 

This paper is a summary of our current understanding of this system. In particular, we will be discussing the observations in terms of selectivity with respect to the availability of reactive lattice oxygen. The organization of the paper is as follows. First, the general features of the reaction scheme for alkane oxidation on vanadate catalysts will be presented. This is followed by a discussion of results on the effect of ease of removal of oxygen from the lattice on the selectivity, and then a discussion on the importance of the atomic arrangement of the active sites. 

Edith Kirk performed much of the experimental work. Aaron Fletcher and Wayne Carpenter helped with purification of material and discussion of results. Richard Knipe, Alvin Gordon, Roy Leipnik, and William Ware discussed the chemical and mathematical possibilities. 

The dehydration reactions initiated by eliminating a hydroxyl group from an enediol are discussed in the present article. The products (usually dicarbonyl compounds) of these eliminations are normally transient intermediates, and undergo further reaction. The final products formed are determined by the carbohydrate reacting, the conditions of reaction, and the character of the medium. Except for a Section on analytical methods (see p. 218), the subject matter is restricted to aqueous acids and bases. The presence of compounds other than the carbohydrate under study has only been considered where it has helped to elucidate the mechanism involved. The approach here is critical and interpretative, with emphasis on mechanism. An attempt has been made to demonstrate how similar reactions can logically lead to the various products from different carbohydrates a number of speculative mechanisms are proposed. It is hoped that this treatment will emphasize the broad functions of these reactions, an importance that is not fully recognized. No claim is made for a complete coverage of the literature instead, discussion of results in the articles that best illustrate the principles involved has been included. 

The chapter is organised as follows In the following section 2 we focus on the traditional sales concept and the consequences of information exchange. In section 3 we introduce possible objectives of Chemical Leasing business models and in comparison to the sales concept discuss differences in information management. In section 4 we turn our attention to the applicability of Chemical Leasing business models in practice. Section 5 closes with a summary and discussion of results. 

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