Many-point

Then, when the digitizer samples the signal, the phase to be used for signal demodulation is known exactly. The FIFO memory is added because the output sample rate of the digitizer is between 8 and 64 kHz (depending on the bandwidth) and the output sample rate of the DSP (of the demodulator) is 5 kHz maximum. So, during one demodulation cycle, many points are written in the FIFO by the digitizer. The DSP reads them and the demodulation is carried out. 

A point defect refers to a localized defect (such as a monovacancy) or impurity (such as interstitial O). This includes any relaxation and/or distortion of the crystal around it. Many point defects are now ratlier well understood, especially in Si, tlranks to a combination of experiments providing infonnation of microscopic nature... 

If tlie level(s) associated witli tlie defect are deep, tliey become electron-hole recombination centres. The result is a (sometimes dramatic) reduction in carrier lifetimes. Such an effect is often associated witli tlie presence of transition metal impurities or certain extended defects in tlie material. For example, substitutional Au is used to make fast switches in Si. Many point defects have deep levels in tlie gap, such as vacancies or transition metals. In addition, complexes, precipitates and extended defects are often associated witli recombination centres. The presence of grain boundaries, dislocation tangles and metallic precipitates in poly-Si photovoltaic devices are major factors which reduce tlieir efficiency. 

If the states are degenerate rather than of different symmetry, the model Hamiltonian becomes the Jahn-Teller model Hamiltonian. For example, in many point groups D and so a doubly degenerate electronic state can interact with a doubly degenerate vibrational mode. In this, the x e Jahn-Teller effect the first-order Hamiltonian is then [65]... 

An individual point in phase space, denoted by F, corresponds to a particular geometry of all the molecules in the system. There are many points in this phase space that will never occur in any real system, such as configurations with two atoms in the same place. In order to describe a real system, it is necessary to determine what configurations could occur and the probability of their occurrence. 

The statistical nature of polymers and polymerization reactions has been illustrated at many points throughout this volume. It continues to be important in the discussion of stereoregularity. Thus it is generally more accurate to describe a polymer as, say, predominately isotactic rather than perfectly isotactic. More quantitatively, we need to be able to describe a polymer in terms of the percentages of isotactic, syndiotactic, and atactic sequences. 

A method for graphically displaying individual risk results is use of the risk contour, or risk isopleth. If individual risk is defined as the likelihood of someone suffering a specified injury or loss, then individual risk can be calculated at particular geographic locations around the vicinity of a facility or operation. If the individual risk is calculated at many points surrounding the facility, then points of equal risk can be connected to... 

Corrosion starts rapidly at many points simultaneously. The maximum penetration rate, however, depends on the type of soil and the existence of foreign cathodic structures [16,17]. 

The method used to develop the emission inventory does have some elements of error, but the other two alternatives are expensive and subject to their own errors. The first alternative would be to monitor continually every major source in the area. The second method would be to monitor continually the pollutants in the ambient air at many points and apply appropriate diffusion equations to calculate the emissions. In practice, the most informative system would be a combination of all three, knowledgeably applied. 

Onee the data points have been deeided, limits and alarm must be set. This is a long and ehallenging task, as the limits on many points are... 

A simple, time-honoured illustration of the operation of the Monte Carlo approach is one curious way of estimating the constant n. Imagine a circle inscribed inside a square of side a, and use a table of random numbers to determine the cartesian coordinates of many points constrained to lie anywhere at random within the square. The ratio of the number of points that lies inside the circle to the total number of points within the square na l4a = nl4. The more random points have been put in place, the more accurate will be the value thus obtained. Of course, such a procedure would make no sense, since n can be obtained to any desired accuracy by the summation of a mathematical series... i.e., analytically. But once the simulator is faced with a eomplex series of particle movements, analytical methods quickly become impracticable and simulation, with time steps included, is literally the only possible approach. That is how computer simulation began. 

Many energy polices also raise important ethical questions concerning justice across generations. Wliat, if any, responsibilities does the present generation have to posterity This question can be raised at many points as we consider alternative energy policies. 

Define plant areas handling hazardous and lethal materials and set rules for design considerations, such as ventilation, explosion walls, etc. Flammable storage materials may require enclosed dikes, foam systems and the like. Refer to National Board of Fire Underwriters or specific insurance company to coordinate recommended protection. Attaway has details on many points to consider. 

Obtain the desired rpm for 80°F and 8,000 cfm by close calculation of many points or by interpolation from the new curves as established. 

Gran-plot (multiple standard addition with 10iE/s vs. concentration) 0.1-3% 0-1-3% less accurate if interfering ions are present best results if many points between 30 and 80% of a titration curve are evaluated and discordant points are eliminated... 

Obviously the regularity expressed in the qualitative form (a) is far less informative than any one of the quantitative presentations, (b), (c), or (d). The relative merits of the expressions (b), (c), and (d) depend upon the use. Table l-II tells in most detail exactly how much is known about the pressure-volume behavior of oxygen gas (from this experiment). In the graphical presentation of Figure 1-8 the trend of the data is shown by the smooth curve drawn to pass near as many points as possible. Uncertainties caused... 

The solution was to introduce methanol into the medium at many points through nozzles in the bioreactor wall. In this way even methanol distribution was achieved, and yields of 0.5 kg biomass per kg methanol can be obtained. 

The decomposition of dolomite shows many points of similarity with the reactions of calcite and of other single carbonates of Group IIA metals (Sects. 3.1.1 and 3.1.2) the reaction is reversible, occurs at an interface, and both apparent kinetic parameters and reactivity are influenced by the prevailing C02 pressure. 

Even for pentacoordinate molecules, and a fortiori for hexa-coordinate ones, graphs may become inadequate because they involve too many points and lines. Matrices have been used to overcome this difficulty . 

The comparison of the results obtained from model particle systems with experience of biological systems shows a similar tendency on many points. Therefore it proved to be very advantageous for the basic investigations, especially for the comparison of different reactor types, to use suitable model particle systems with similar properties to those of biological material systems. This permitted the performance of test series under technically relevant operating conditions, similar to those prevailing in bioreactors, in a relatively short time. The results are more reproducible than in biological systems and therefore permit faster and more exact optimization of reactors. 

There are two problems with the above procedure, however. The first is that it is not efficient, because the intersubject parameter variance it computes is actually the variance of the parameters between subjects plus the variance of the estimate of a single-subject parameter. The second drawback is that often, in real-life applications, a complete data set, with sufficiently many points to reliably estimate all model parameters, is not available for each experimental subject. A frequent situation is that observations are available in a haphazard, scattered fashion, are often expensive to gather, and for a number of reasons (availability of manpower, cost, environmental constraints, etc.) are usually much fewer than we would like. 

While metabolic engineers traditionally sought the rate-limiting enzyme to unlock flow through a pathway, now they understand that there may be many points of control and feedback with the metabolic network, and seek to empirically determine the dynamics of the interactions between rate controllers and other factors. For example, the sizes of metabolic precursor pools and the catabolism or sequestration of products affect accumulation as well as flux through the pathway. 

The regulation of NCR-sensitive amino acid transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has many points in common with that of catabolic enzymes. Amino acid permeases, as well as some other transporters of nitrogenous nutrients, are integrated into the regulatory circuits, both general and specific, which control catabolic processes. 

In the literature, LB films of chlorophyll a have been investigated by many techniques [21,27,28]. In particular, Chapados et al. [29] have studied the aggregation state of chlorophyll a in LB films with electronic and infrared spectroscopies. Their results suggest many points. First, immediately after the fabrication of the film (time zero) the ketone group C = 0 of one chlorophyll a molecule links to the magnesium of an adjacent chlorophyll a molecule to form a dimer. Each dimer interacts via water with another dimer to... 

Under conditions of p-PIXE, the beam can be scanned across the surface of the specimen and thus provide concentration data as a function of position. Since spectra have to be accumulated at many points on the specimen with this technique, the analysis duration may be hours rather than minutes. Concentration values at different points or concentration profiles for selected elements can be determined by... 

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