Source-oriented

Urban aerosols are complicated systems composed of material from many different sources. Achieving cost-effective air particle reductions in airsheds not meeting national ambient air quality standards requires identification of major aerosol sources and quantitative determination of their contribution to particle concentrations. Quantitative source Impact assesment, however, requires either calculation of a source s impact from fundamental meteorological principles using source oriented dispersion models, or resolving source contributions with receptor models based on the measurement of characteristic chemical and physical aerosol features. Q)... 

Although source oriented dispersion models are invaluable predictive tools, their ability to quantify the Impact of a source is limited. Receptor oriented methods of source apportionment, however, have evolved in recent years to the point where they now clearly form a new discipline of air pollution science. ( 1, ) This new discipline is distinctly different from dispersion modeling and has demonstrated that it can quantitatively apportion source contributions to particle levels. Receptor models are not pre-... 

Source-oriented atmospheric dispersion modeling has been the major tool used in attributing ambient concentrations to source emissions. With the development of inexpensive and rapid chemical analysis techniques for dividing ambient and source particulate matter into its components has come another approach, the receptor model. 

While the source-oriented model begins with measurements at the source (i.e., emission rates for the period under study), and estimates ambient concentrations, the receptor-oriented model begins with the actual ambient measurements and estimates the source contributions to them. The receptor model relies on properties of the aerosol which are common to source and receptor and that are unique to specific source types. These properties are composition, size and variability. 

One of the central problems in air pollution research and control is to determine the quantitative relationship between ambient air quality and emission of pollutants from sources. Effective strategies to control pollutants can not be devised without this information. This question has been mainly addressed in the past with source-oriented techniques such as emission inventories and predictive diffusion models with which one traces pollutants from source to receptor. More recently, much effort has been directed toward developing receptor-oriented models that start with the receptor and reconstruct the source contributions. As is the case with much of air pollutant research, improvements in pollutant chemical analysis techniques have greatly enhanced the results of receptor modeling. 

Kleeman, M. J., G. R. Cass, and A. Eldering, Modeling the Airborne Particle Complex as a Source-Oriented External Mixture, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 21355-21372 (1997). 

More than in the past, a systematic setting of priorities is advocated by the authorities. Development takes place by two approaches (1) an effect-oriented approach and (2) a source-oriented approach. These approaches are based on two issues (1) Which effects are caused by which products-processes (2) Which sources emit-discharge which products In this regard, the scheme from emission to toxicological effect must be traced and concentration techniques must be developed. The close connection between chemical and biological characterization must be strongly stressed in this respect. 

The above statement applies particularly to the case of Charles Baudelaire, whose translating practices took place in a particularly fertile and mutating period of translation history. The aim of the present chapter is, therefore, to explore the literary system of mid-nineteenth-century France, in order properly to situate Baudelaire s translating activity within its context, and to see to what extent this activity is emblematic of his times, or, on the contrary, challenges them. Such exploration will be selective, and will focus on three main aspects first, the climate of anglomania and the increase in translation production second, the inheritance of belles infideles and thirdly, the new concerns for source-oriented approaches. Translation theory and practice will be looked at together, and, whenever possible, Baudelaire s translations will be compared and contrasted with examples of other contemporary translations. 

Heinisch, E., Kettrup, A., Bergheim, W., Martens, D., Wenzel, S., Persistent Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (PCHC), Source Oriented Monitoring in Aquatic Media 3. The Isomers of Hexachlorocyclohexane, Fresenius Environ. Bull. 2005, 14, 444 462. 

In addition, periodic review articles are published in the Analyst and Pure and Applied Chemistry, as well as in other sources, oriented either to technique, analyte or material. Examples are Robards and Wors-fold (1991) Cadmium toxicology and analysis, A review. Analyst (London) Schuller and Egan (1976) (a review of methods of trace analysis and sampling with special reference to food for the determination of cadmium, lead, mercury and methylmercury (MeHg) compounds, FAO publication) and... 

SOME OF INFLUENCE DEFINITION AND application - source oriented... 

Air legislation is targeting emissions from industrial operations, greenhouse gases, lead, motor vehicle emissions, nitrogen oxides, ODS, sulfur dioxide, and suspended particulate matter. Water legislation in the EU is divided into effect- and source-oriented direc-... 

To contribute to a voxel (r, s, z) for z 0 in the cone beam geometry, the fan beams must be tilted out of the r, s plane to intersect the particular voxel (r, s, z) from various x-ray source orientations. As a result, the location of the reconstruction point in the tilted system is now determined by a new coordinate system (r, s) (Fig. 26.25). Consequently, the fan beam geometry in these new coordinates will change. Specifically, the new source distance is defined by... 

Both methods have been applied in the field of AE in rocks. Some examples of the application of the fault-plane solution method are given by Sondergeld and Estey [1982], Kuwahara et al. [1985], Zang et al. [1998]. Because of an insufficient number of sensors these authors investigated only polarities of P-wave first motion to classify AE events recorded during uniaxial loading of rock specimens into shear and tensile types. A source with a imiform compressional polarity pattern was interpreted as a tensile t) e and one with eompressional as well as dilatational first motions as a shear type. It was not possible to determine the source orientation or to quantify the volume ehange of the mieroeracks. 

The source-oriented trajectories of air masses immediately after the estimated time of the accident (8 15 a.m. UTC on March 20, 1989) are shown in Fig. 40.2. The trajectories shown cover the period of intensive evaporation of the liquid ammonia pool. 

The ratio of absorbances at the 1256 and 1220 cm bands is measured when the electric vector of the plane-polarized beam at normal incidence is parallel to and perpendicular to an arbitrary reference direction. The reference direction is usually chosen as the direction of stretch (tape drawing) and, hence, tape longitudinal axis, at which the band intensity is maximum. The dichroic ratio of an absorption band is determined by placing the polarizer at the light source. Orientation function (/<, or/a ) is calculated using the Samuels (6) relationship ... 

Focal-sphere polarity plots display information about source orientation as well as source type (the relative values of the principal... 

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