Poliovirus types

Polio vaccine Pokovims Poliovirus, type 1 Polishes... 

Polio is the only disease, at present, for which both hve and killed vaccines compete. Since the introduction of the killed vims (Salk) in 1956 and the live attenuated virus (Sabin) in 1962 there has been a remaikable decline in the incidence of poliomyelitis (Fig. 16.1). The inactivated polio vaccine (TPV) contains formalin-killed poliovirus of all three serotypes. On injection, the vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies of the IgM and IgG class which neutrahze the vims in the second stage of infection. A course of three injections at monthly intervals produces long-lasting immunity to all three poliovirus types. 

Poliovirus, type 1 ethanol activity against [DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS] (Vol 8)... 

Fig. 11. Separation of 32P-labeled A, adenovirus Type 5, and B, poliovirus Type 1 on Sepharose 2B where the column is 2.1 x 56 cm eluent, 0.002 M...

LF has been demonstrated to inhibit in vitro the multiplication of different viruses, such as human cytomegalovirus, HIV, herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, influenza virus, human hepatitis C virus and human poliovirus type 1 (Vorland, 1999). Also, LF has been shown to prevent rotavirus infection in the human enterocyte-like cell-line HT-29 (Superti et al., 1997). It is speculated that LF prevents the binding of viruses to the host cells by... 

Poliomyelitis caused by vaccine-derived polioviruses Between 12 July and 18 November 2000, a total of 19 people (aged between 9 months and 21 years) with acute flaccid paralysis were identified in the Dominican Republic one case occurred in Haiti (August 2000) (26). The case in Haiti and three of the cases in the Dominican Republic were laboratory-confirmed with poliovirus type... 

In an outbreak in Egypt during 1988-93, 32 cases of poho were associated with vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (27). Nucleotide sequence analysis performed during 1999 showed that all isolates were related (93-96% similarity) to the OPV 2 vaccine strain. The isolates were not related (less than 81% similarity) to the wild poliovirus type 2 that had been indigenous in Egypt. OPV was probably low in the affected communities. 

The molecular biological findings connected with the occurrence of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis have been summarized (29). There is convincing evidence that the Sabin 2 and 3 viruses themselves can revert to a neuro-virulent phenotjrpe on passage in man. The authors report that a point mutation in the 5 -non-coding region of the genome of the poliovirus type 3 vaccine consistently reverts to the wild type in viruses isolated from cases of vaccine-associated pohomyehtis. 

The GH3 cell line was derived from the pituitary tumour of a 7-month-old female Wistar-Furth rat (Tashjian et al, 1968) and is used for the study of hormones. The GH3 clone produces growth hormone at a greater rate than GHl cells, a clone obtained from the same primary culture, and also produces prolactin. Hydrocortisone can be used to stimulate hormone production and also inhibits the production of prolactin (Bancroft et al, 1969). The cells are epithelial-like in morphology but can be adapted to grow in suspension culture using Eagle s MEM, under which conditions the cells continue to produce growth hormone and prolactin (Bancroft Tashjian, 1971). The cells are susceptible to herpes simplex and vesicular stomatitis (Indiana strain) viruses but not to poliovirus type 1. 

Another potential benefit to the use of cranberry is its antiviral effect. One study (24) evaluated the ability of various commercial juices and beverages to inactivate poliovirus type I (Sabin) in vitro. Cranberry juice had some antiviral activity that was noted to be enhanced at pH 7.0 (24). The antiviral effect of commercial juices is thought to be caused by polyphenols, including tannins, which form complexes with viruses (24). 

Selected polyamines were tested for their ability to alter the normal replication cycle of two representative RNA viruses Ence-phalomyocardltls (EMC strain MM) and Poliovirus Type I. Mono-layers of L929 and HeLa cells were treated with solutions containing specified polyamines. After Incubation the cultures were washed and then Infected with the RNA virus. After a 24 hours Incubation period, the supernatant fluids were collected and assayed for virus (pfu) content. 

POLIOVIRUS VACCINE, INACTIVATED (IPV) (IPOL injection suspension of 3 types of poliovirus (types 1,2, and 3) grown in monkey kidney cell cultures)... 

Poliovirus vaccine, inactivated, is a viral vaccine that induces protective antipoliovirus antibodies, reducing pharyngeal excretion of poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3. 

Natural quinones also exert antiviral activity against other viruses, such as the Epstein-Barr virus and poliovirus type 2 and 3 [163-165], For example, chrysophanic acid (l,8-dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone) isolated from the Australian Aboriginal medicinal plant Dianella longifolia Street has been found to inhibit the replication of poliovirus type 2 and 3 in vitro. Four structurally-related anthraquinones (rhein, Fig. (5), 1,8-... 

Adsorption of enteric viruses on mineral surfaces in soil and aquatic environments is well recognized as an important mechanism controlling virus dissemination in natural systems. The adsorption of poliovirus type 1, strain LSc2ab, on oxide surfaces was studied from the standpoint of equilibrium thermodynamics. Mass-action free energies are found to agree with potentials evaluated from the DLVO-Lifshitz theory of colloid stability, the sum of electrodynamic van der Waals potentials and electrostatic double-layer interactions. The effects of pH and ionic strength as well as electrokinetic and dielectric properties of system components are developed from the model in the context of virus adsorption in extra-host systems. 

Virus and Assay. Poliovirus type 1, strain LSc2ab, was obtained from F. L. Schaifer, Naval Biomedical Laboratories, Oakland, California. This virus is characteristic of enteroviruses in terms of size (27 nm in diameter), architecture (6), adsorption, the electrokinetic properties of many types (discussed later), and in terms of stability in aquatic environments (7). A diagram of this virus adsorbing to a flat surface is shown in Figure 1. 

We have presented considerable evidence that poliovirus type 1, strain LSc2ab, adsorbs on inorganic surfaces according to the electrodynamic and electrostatic potentials defined by the DLVO-Lifshitz theory of colloid stability. We shall now present a general discussion concerning the predicted implications these findings have in regard to the overall problem of virus transport in the environment. 

MandeFs conformational bimodality is predicted to be of critical importance in regard to virus adsorption to inorganic surfaces in the environment. Gerba et al. (68) recently observed that echovirus type 1 adsorbed on sandy soil to a much lesser extent than poliovirus type 1, strain LSc. This corresponds to the low value of the A state conformation of echovirus type 1 presented in Table X compared to that of poliovirus. Since this bimodality of virus lEP s is intrinsically coupled to solution pH, we will expand the discussion of its importance in the section concerned with the eflFects of pH on adsorption. 

Chlorhexidine Herpes hominis, poliovirus type 2 (Sabin), adenovirus type 2 46... 

Povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine diglu- Poliovirus type 1 (Sabin) 41... 

Swine skin model, fingerpads Porcine enterovirus type 3, polioviruses type 1,2,3 (Sabin) Derma Klenz I, Clean N Smooth, vegetable oil based soap, ethanol 60... 

Whole hand Poliovirus type 1, echovirus 11 12, reovirus type 3, papovavirus SV40, adenovirus type 2, coxsackievirus type 4, vaccinia virus Alcohols, antiseptic products (V, VP 1, Desderman, Betaisodona) 66... 

Fingerpads Hepatitis A virus, poliovirus type 1 (Sabin) Handwash agents 68... 

Poliovirus (Type 1) Coxsackie Virus (Type B3) Bovine Enterovirus ME Mengo Rhinovirus (Type lA) FMDV (Type 0)... 

Figure 8. Two-dimensional analysis of proteins in infected HeLa cells. HeLa cells were labelled for 24 hours with (14c) amino acids, washed thoroughly, then infected with poliovirus type 1 Mahoney. Samples were taJcen at sixty min intervals, lysed with 8 M urea, and analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The first gel was 5% polyacrylamide, 8 M urea, 279 ampholine, pH 5-8, Samples were separated at 500 volts, overnight at 6-7. The gels were sliced, and placed on SHS-polyacrylamide gradient gels, and electrophoresed for 4 5 hours at 20 mA/gel, Gels were stained, dried, and autoradiographed. Gel A uninfected cells Gel B infected with poliovirus for five hours.

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