Virus dissemination

Rodriguez, J. F., et al. (1988). Expression of the firefly luciferase gene in vaccinia virus a highly sensitive gene marker to follow virus dissemination in tissues of infected animals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 1667-1671. 

Jilbert, A., Freiman, J Burrell, C., Holmes, M Gowans, E, Roweand, R., Hall, P., and Cossart, Y. (1988) Virus-liver cell interactions in duck hepatitis B vims infection A study of virus dissemination within the liver. Gastroenterology 95, 1375-1382. 

Various viruses encode proteins with sequenee homology to host proteins which are known to be involved in host defense functions. Viruses pirate and modify key immunoregulatory molecules, by use of molecular mimicry, to elude the Immune system (Murphy, 1997). Viruses also encode proteins that exploit or alter their host cells, replicate or induce migration for virus dissemination. Interestingly, DNA viruses such as the Herpesviruses (Cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus (HHV-6 and 7), herpesvirus Saimiri (HVS) and Kaposi s sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV)) all express GPCRs (Table 2). 

Adsorption of enteric viruses on mineral surfaces in soil and aquatic environments is well recognized as an important mechanism controlling virus dissemination in natural systems. The adsorption of poliovirus type 1, strain LSc2ab, on oxide surfaces was studied from the standpoint of equilibrium thermodynamics. Mass-action free energies are found to agree with potentials evaluated from the DLVO-Lifshitz theory of colloid stability, the sum of electrodynamic van der Waals potentials and electrostatic double-layer interactions. The effects of pH and ionic strength as well as electrokinetic and dielectric properties of system components are developed from the model in the context of virus adsorption in extra-host systems. 

Ichihashi Y, Matsumoto S, Dales S. Biogenesis of poxviruses Role of A-type inclusions and host cell membranes in virus dissemination. Virology. 1977 101 50-60. 

Interferon - This continued to be an extremely active area both in the laboratory and in human studies. The role played by Interferon in the course of natural varicella infection was studied in human patients with and without impairment of host-defense mechanisms. In infected patients with normal defense mechanisms, interferon titres present in cutaneous vesicles were initially high, and appeared to prevent virus dissemination and allow rapid recovery. On the other hand, in patients with Hodgkins disease, lymphomas and leukemias where there is an Impairment of host-defense mechanisms, low titres of cutaneous interferon were initially present, and viral dissemination was rapid and in some cases led to death. In those cases which were resolved favorably the remission followed the late appearance of high interferon titres. 

Wang Y, Wang H, Li CY, Yuan F. Effects of rate, volume, and dose of mtratumoral infusion on virus dissemination in local gene delivery. Mol Cancer Jher 2006 5 362-366. 

Y. A. Girard et al. West Nile virus dissemination and tissue tropisms in orally infected Culex pipiens quinqu asciatus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis A, 109, 2004. 

HIV-1 infection results in dissemination of the virus to different cellular and tissue compartments. Some of these anatomical sanctuaries, for example the genital tract (Bym and Kiessling 1998) and the CNS (Kravcik et al. 1999 Rolinski et al. 1997),... 

Catechins and proanthocyanidins have a documented antiviral activity. Catechins from an extract of Cocos nucifera husk fibre exhibited a strong inhibitory activity against acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-l-ACVr) [62]. The use of 10 to 20ngml of ECG and EGCG has been reported to cause 50% inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase [89], while Kara and Nakayama [90] reported that a patented chewing gum containing tea catechins is claimed to prevent viral infections against influenza and to inhibit dissemination of this virus. 

A number of animal diseases caused by viruses involve primary demyelination and often are associated with inflammation. These diseases are studied as animal models, which may provide clues about how a viral infection could lead to immune-mediated demyelination in humans [1, 5, 6]. Canine distemper virus causes a demyelinating disease, and the lesions in dog brain show a strong inflammatory response with some similarities to acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in man [ 1 ]. Visna is a slowly progressive demyelinating disease of sheep caused by a retrovirus [ 1 ]. 

Therapy of coccidioidomycosis is difficult, and the results are unpredictable. Only 5% of infected persons require therapy. Candidates for therapy include those with severe primary pulmonary infection or concurrent risk factors (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus infection, organ transplant, or high doses of glucocorticoids), particularly patients with high complement fixation antibody titers in whom dissemination is likely. 

Mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium avium complex are implicated in disseminated bacterial infections in AIDS patients. RFLP studies followed by hybridization with radiolabeled probe specific for an insertion sequence in M. avium (IS 1311) have been useful for typing M. avium stains (R2). A variety of molecular techniques are available for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. In addition to PCR, a method based on the ligase chain reaction has also been found to be sensitive to the detection of C. trachomatis infection in urine specimens collected from male and female subjects (VI). The differentiation between low-risk genotypes of human papilloma virus (HPV 6 or 11) from genotypes of high... 

It is well known, for example, that about 5 per cent of the people who become infected with typhoid germs become typhoid carriers and continue indefinitely to harbor an active colony (harmless to them) of typhoid bacilli in their intestinal tracts. There is abundant evidence of graded susceptibility there are many mild cases, and the incubation time in different individuals may be from 3 to 30 days, indicating variable resistance. The fact that about 70 per cent of the carriers are women suggests that the constitutional characteristics which make it possible for individuals to endure the presence of the organisms are in some way sex-linked in their inheritance. The evidence with respect to typhoid carriers, diphtheria carriers, scarlet-fever carriers, poliomyelitis-virus carriers, etc., makes it seem probable that "carriers" enter into the dissemination of many other milder infections, and... 

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