Poliomyelitis vaccination against

Poliomyelitis vaccine Live attenutated strains of poliomyelitis Active immunization against... 

Poliomyelitis vaccine (Salk vaccine parenteral) Inactivated poliomyelitis virus Active immunization against polio... 

Viral Vaccination. Vaccines, agents that elicit a specific antiviral iniiiLuiie response, have been very successful against smallpox, measles, rubella, poliomyelitis, and yellow fever, all of which are generalized diseases. Vaccines against diseases caused by respiratory tract viruses, where great antigenic diversity is found, have been less effective. 

The Hexavalent Study Group has compared the immuno-genicity and safety of a new liquid hexavalent vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTP + IPV + HB + Hib vaccine, manufactured by Aventis Pasteur MSD, Lyon, France) with two reference vaccines, the pentavalent DTP -I- IPV -i- Hib vaccine and the monovalent hepatitis B vaccine, administrated separately at the same visit (9). Infants were randomized to receive either the hexavalent vaccine (n = 423) or (administered at different local sites) the pentavalent and the HB vaccine (n = 425) at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. The hexavalent vaccine was well tolerated (for details, see the monograph Pertussis vaccines). At least one local reaction was reported in 20% of injections with hexavalent vaccine compared with 16% after the receipt of pentavalent vaccine or 3.8% after the receipt of hepatitis B vaccine. These reactions were generally mild and transient. At least one systemic reaction was reported in 46% of injections with hexavalent vaccine, whereas the respective rate for the recipients of pentavalent and HB vaccine was 42%. No vaccine-related serious adverse event occurred during the study. The hexavalent vaccine provided immune responses adequate for protection against the six diseases. 

He was, of course, unaware that the substance was the glycoproteins on the surface of the virus, which excited the attention of the immune system and induced the production of antibodies to the vims. As more has been learnt about the surface stmcture of vimses, and how this elicits an immune response, the design of synthetic vaccines that are both safer and more effective has become possible. The evolution of the various vaccines against poliomyelitis provides a good example of these developments. 

The historic objective of vaccination has been to induce long-lasting immunity against a disease for which the recipient is at risk. The most successful vaccination campaign eradicated smallpox as a public health problem. Particularly, vaccination against common infectious agents, including poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, and rubella, over the last 50 years has led to effective prevention of many diseases. 

Vaccination is one of the most important public health accomplishments. However, since vaccine preparation involves the use of materials of biological origin, such as Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, vaccines are susceptible to contamination by micro-organisms, including viruses [16-18]. Several cases of viral vaccine contamination have been reported. For example, human vaccines against poliomyelitis were found to be contaminated with SV40 virus from the use of monkey primary renal cells. Several veterinary vaccines have been contaminated by pestiviruses from foetal calf serum [19]. In 2010 the detection of firagments of a porcine circovirus was the reason for a temporary... 

Vaccine diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, hepatitis B (recombinant) and inactivated poliovirus combined Pediarix Active immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and all known subtypes of hepatitis B virus, and poliomyelitis immunization Sfee adverse reactions against individual vaccines. Primary immunization series 3 doses of 0.5 mLat 6-to 8-week intervals IM (first dose is 2 months of age, but may be given as early as 6 weeks of age)... 

No medical or therapeutic procedure comes without some risk to the patient. All possible steps are taken to ensure safely, quahty and efficacy of vaccines and immunological products (Chapter 15). The risks associated with immunization procedures must be constantly reviewed and balanced against the risks of, and associated with, contracting the disease, hi this respect, smallpox vaccination in the UK was abandoned in the mid 1970s as the risks associated with vaccination then exceeded the predicted number of deaths that would follow importation of the disease. Shortly after this, in 1980, The World Health Assembly pronounced the world to be free of smallpox. Similarly, the incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis in the USA and UK in 1996 was low but the majority of cases related to vaccine use. As the worldwide elimination of poliomyelitis approaches, there is much debate as to the value of the vaccine outside of an endemic area. 

Two major advantages stem from the use of live vaccines. Firstly, the immunization mimics a natural infection such that only a single exposure is required to render an individual immune. Secondly, the exposure may be mediated through the natural route of infection (e.g. oral) thereby stimulating an immime response that is appropriate to a particular disease (e.g. secretory antibody as primary defence against poliomyelitis virus in the gut). 

Examples of attenuated vaccines are Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for immunization against tuberculosis, Sabin vaccine for poliomyelitis, attenuated Paramyxovirus parotitidus against mumps, and attenuated measles virus against measles. 

Poliomyelitis. Two vaccines are licensed for the control of poliomyelitis in tile United States. The live, attenuated oral polio virus (OPV) vaccine can be used for the immunization of normal children. The killed or inactivated vaccine is recommended for immunization of adults at increased risk of exposure to poliomyelitis and of lmmunodeficient patients and their household contacts. Both vaccines protect against the three serotypes of poliomyelitis that cause disease. 

Every adult, whether traveling or not, should be immunized with tetanus toxoid and should also be fully immunized against poliomyelitis, measles (for those bom after 1956), and diphtheria. In addition, every traveler must fulfill the immunization requirements of the health authorities of the countries to be visited. These are listed in Health Information for International Travel, available from the Superintendent of Documents, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. A useful website is http //www.cdc. gov/travel/vaccinat.htm. The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics also offers periodically updated recommendations for international travelers (see issue of April 15, 2002). Immunizations received in preparation for travel should be recorded on the International Certificate of Immunization. Note Smallpox vaccination is not recommended or required for travel in any country. 

The reports of the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington (on adverse events after pertussis and mbeUa immnnization (SED-12, 817) (SED-12, 825) and on adverse events after immunization against tetanus, diphtheria, measles, mumps, poliomyelitis, H. influenzae type b, and hepatitis B (SEDA-18,325) have provided useful reviews (13,14). The 1996 Update on vaccine side effects, adverse reactions, contraindications,... 

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