International travel

Health Information for International Travel 1989, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, PubHcation No. (CDC) 89-8280, 1989. 

International travelers to endemic areas (e.g., Africa, Asia, and parts of South America)... 

We acknowledge funding by NSF grant AST-0307851, NASA/JPL contract 1228235, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Robert J. Huskey Travel fellowship, AAS International Travel Grant, and the F.H. Levinson Fund of the Peninsula Community Foundation. 

Keystone J, Kozarsky PE Health advice for international travel in Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF (eds) Essentials of Tropical Infectious Diseases. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 2001, pp 128-140. 

Jiang ZD, Ixmc B, Vemekar MP, Ashley D, Steffen R, Tomieporth N, von Sonnenburg F, Svennerholm AM, Waiyaki P, DuPont HL Prevalence of enteric pathogens among international travelers with diarrhea acquired in Kenya (Mombasa), India (Goa), or Jamaica (Montego Bay). J Infect Dis 2002 185 497-502. 

HAV infection primarily occurs through transmission by the fecal-oral route, person-to-person, or by ingestion of contaminated food or water. The incidence of HAV correlates directly with low socioeconomic status, poor sanitary conditions, and overcrowding. Rates of HAV infection have increased among international travelers, injection drug users, and men who have sex with men. 

Transmission of HBV occurs sexually, parenterally, and perinatally. In the United States, transmission occurs predominantly through sexual contact or injection-drug use. International travel is also an important risk factor. 

International travelers who plan to spend >6 months in countries with high rates of HBV infection and who will have close contact with the local population Recipients of clotting-factor concentrates Sexually transmitted disease clinic patients HIV patienVHIV - testi ng patients Drug-abuse treatment and prevention clinic patients Correctional facilities inmates Chronic dialysis/ESRD patients... 

Other indications Household contacts and sex partners of persons with chronic hepatitis B vims (HBV) infection clients and staff members of institutions for persons with developmental disabilities international travelers to countries with high or intermediate prevalence of chronic HBV infection (a list of countries is available at wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/contentdiseases.aspx) and any adult seeking protection from HBV infection. 

Two doses of mumps vaccine are recommended for school age children, international travelers, college students, and healthcare workers born after 1956. 

The last known naturally occurring case of smallpox occurred in Somalia in 1977. In May 1980, the World Health Assembly certified that the world was free of naturally occurring smallpox. By the 1960s, because of vaccination programs and quarantine regulations, the risk for importation of smallpox into the United States had been reduced. As a result, recommendations for routine smallpox vaccination were rescinded in 1971. In 1976, the recommendation for routine smallpox vaccination of health-care workers was also discontinued. In 1982, the only active licensed producer of vaccinia vaccine in the United States discontinued production for general use, and in 1983, distribution to the civilian population was discontinued. All military personnel continued to be vaccinated, but that practice ceased in 1990. Since January 1982, smallpox vaccination has not been required for international travelers, and International Certificates of Vaccination forms no longer include a space to record smallpox vaccination. 

All physical changes of surface or subsurface that effect local rate of heat transfer Slump, liner separation, sub-surface voids, surface cracks Requires internal traveling mechanism... 

A five month stay with Neville Mott at Bristol in 1948, and extended periods with Robert Mulliken at Chicago, and with the group of Hertha Sponer at Duke University in the early 1950 s set the tone for life filled with international travel. Particularly significant was a stay with the Solid State and Molecular Theory Group of John C. Slater at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. There developed a close association between Slater and Lowdin which was to last until Slater s death in 1976. 

Every adult, whether traveling or not, should be immunized with tetanus toxoid and should also be fully immunized against poliomyelitis, measles (for those bom after 1956), and diphtheria. In addition, every traveler must fulfill the immunization requirements of the health authorities of the countries to be visited. These are listed in Health Information for International Travel, available from the Superintendent of Documents, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. A useful website is http //www.cdc. gov/travel/vaccinat.htm. The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics also offers periodically updated recommendations for international travelers (see issue of April 15, 2002). Immunizations received in preparation for travel should be recorded on the International Certificate of Immunization. Note Smallpox vaccination is not recommended or required for travel in any country. 

Three basic variables - domestic travel experience, international travel experience and age - were taken into account in an initial attempt to characterise travel experience levels and to consider dimension of life-cycle and experience. A set of cluster analyses established that two distinct groups, an experienced and an inexperienced traveller group, were present in the sample. These groups also differed on a range of other demographic variables. These differences are reported in Table 3.4. 

In analysing travel experience levels, 8 travel experience variables were used in this second study international trips level, domestic trips level, total international travel time, number of usual travel companion(s), proportion of international pleasure travel, proportion of domestic pleasure travel, level of organised/package travel experience, and self perceived level of travel experience. Before employing cluster analysis to identify different travel experience level groups, the variables were standardised variables subject to cluster analysis must be measured on equal scales as variables with large values contribute more to the calculations of distance measures than those with small values (SPSS Inc., 1999). One way to avoid... 

Studies by Moscardo, Morrison et al. (1996) and Meikle (2003) provide some initial evidence consistent with the model outlined in Figure 4.8. Using archival data based on the Pleasure Travel Markets Survey, Moscardo and colleagues analysed the responses of 1503 outbound Australian travellers to a detailed interview on international travel behaviour. Three groups of travellers who emphasised different sets of travel motives... 

Goodrich, J.N. (1977) Benefits bundle analysis An empirical study of international travellers. Journal of Travel Research 16 (2), 6-9. 

Hsieh, S., O Leary, J.T. and Morrison, A.M. (1992) Segmenting the international travel market by activity. Tourism Management 13 (2), 209-223. 

An orphan-drug application and an IND both receive responses in about 30 days. Try to schedule submissions so that the response date will not fall within planned vacations or critical international travel. And both submissions (and many others) require an annual update report it is best to stagger report due dates to avoid complications in the future. 

---