Salk vaccine

The National Foundation, which funded the research, and the American public wanted a mass vaccination urgently. The average incidence of poUo in the United States in 1949-1953 was 25.7 cases per 100,000 children. The National Foundation ordered 27 million doses of the Salk vaccine for a trial, and close to one miltion children were vaccinated (749,236 children from grades 1,2, and 3 were offered vaccine, and 401,974 completed the trial). 

Source Meier P. The Salk Vaccine Trials, http //www.math.uah.edu/siegrist/ma487/salk.html [accessed Jauuary 2,2002]. 

Poliomyelitis vaccine (Salk vaccine parenteral) Inactivated poliomyelitis virus Active immunization against polio... 

The World Health Organization advances the oral polio vaccine developed by Albert Sabin (1906-1993) as a safer alternative to the Salk vaccine. 

Pivnick H, Tracy JM, Tosoni AL, Glass DG. Preservatives for poliomyelitis (Salk) vaccine III 2-phenoxyethanol. J Pharm Set 1964 53 899-901. 

Specific, for example Salk vaccine for polio prevention... 

Smith, Jane S. Patenting the Sun Polio and the Salk Vaccine. New York Anchor/Doubleday, 1991. 

The single-component viral vaccines are listed in Table 15.2 with notes similar to those provided with the bacterial vaccines. The only eombined viral vaeeine that is widely used is the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR Vac). In a sense, however, both the inactivated (Salk) poliovaccine (PoWac (inactivated)) and the live (Sabin) poliovaccine (PolWac (oral)) are combined vaccines in that they are both mixtures of vims of each of the three serotypes of poliovims. Influenza vaeeines, too, are eombined vaccines in that many contain components fiom as many as three vims strains, usually fiom two strains of influenza A and one strain of influenza B. 

Polio is the only disease, at present, for which both hve and killed vaccines compete. Since the introduction of the killed vims (Salk) in 1956 and the live attenuated virus (Sabin) in 1962 there has been a remaikable decline in the incidence of poliomyelitis (Fig. 16.1). The inactivated polio vaccine (TPV) contains formalin-killed poliovirus of all three serotypes. On injection, the vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies of the IgM and IgG class which neutrahze the vims in the second stage of infection. A course of three injections at monthly intervals produces long-lasting immunity to all three poliovirus types. 

Poliomyelitis vaccine (Salk Inactivated poliomyelitis virus vaccine parenteral)... 

Vaccines There are two IND (investigative new drug) human unlicensed VEE vaccines available. The first, named TC-83, developed in the 1960s is a live, attenuated cell-culture-propagated vaccine produced by the Salk Institute, and is not effective against all the serotypes in the VEE complex. It is used in a single subcutaneous dose of 0.5 mL. 

In the 1950s, Dr. Jonas Salk and Dr. Albert Sabin from the University of Pittsburgh (USA) worked on polio vaccines. Salk used inactivated polio virus, whereas Sabin developed a live form of polio virus. 

Scientists differed as to which method provided the better vaccine. Both Salk and Sabin agreed that more tests were needed before a mass vaccination program could begin. 

Inactivated viruses, e.g. hepatitis A and poliomyelitis (Salk) viral vaccines. 

One of the largest trials ever conducted took place in the US in 1954 and concerned the evaluation of the Salk Polio Vaccine. The trial has been reported extensively by Meier (1978) and is used by Pocock (1983) in his discussion of the historical development of clinical trials. 

The randomised part of the Salk Polio Vaccine trial has all the hallmarks of modern day trials randomisation, control group, blinding and it was experiences of these kinds that helped convince researchers that only under these conditions can clear, scientifically valid conclusions be drawn. 

Salk, I, U. Krech, and 1. Younger, Formaldehyde and safety testing of experimental poliomyelitis vaccines. Am 1 Publ Health, 1954. 44 563-70. 

The original polio vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk (for whom the Salk Institute in LaJolla is named). It is a "killed" virus. However, over the years it was found that this did not always impart a complete immunity. The Sabin vaccine contains an attenuated virus. It is interesting to note that the Sabin vaccine can cause an active infection in a rare number of cases. 

Jonas Salk (1915-1995) begins testing a polio vaccine comprised of a mixture of killed viruses. 

The first non dye-based drug company was in fact Hungarian. Gideon Richter is still famed for its production of steroid-based drugs. Another, Chinoin, is part of Sanofi. The Soviet Union s Jonas Salk, Ilya Sabin, produced Sabin drops simultaneously with Salk s polio vaccine. Countries such as Finland adopted the Sabin drops in preference to Salk s injection. 

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