Polio vaccines live oral

There are two types of pohomyelitis vaccines available. One is prepared from pohoviruses that as a rule have been inactivated by formaldehyde. Inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV) is given parenterally. The second group of polio vaccines comprises attenuated strains of live polioviruses (oral poliomyelitis vaccine, OPV), which are given orally these live vaccines are the most widely used. 

VI. Vaccines containing live oral poliovirus (OPV) A. Paralytic polio in a non-immunodeficient recipient in an immunodeficient recipient in a vaccine associated community case B. Vaccine-strain polio viral infection in a non-immunodeficient recipient in an immunodeficient recipient in a vaccine associated community case C. Any acute complication or sequela (including death) of the above events 0-30 days 0-6 months Not applicable 0-30 days 0-6 months Not applicable Not applicable... 

Various studies in both symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals have failed to show any special sensitivity to adverse effects after other immunizations, for example in children receiving live oral or inactivated polio vaccine, DPT or DT vaccine, or measles vaccine (98-101). 

Trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine (TOPV)- TOPV (Sabin vaccine. I960) is a live attenuated whole virus vaccine (antigen type, protein) containing polio strains I. 2. and 3. The virus culture is grown on monkey kidney tissue with use of an elaborate attenuation protocol. Oral administration of the vaccine yields a local Gl infection, and the initial immune respon.se is via IgA (mucosal, local to the Gl tract). The IgA-antigen complex undergoes transcytosis across the mucosal membrane, and systemic immunity is induced as IgM and IgG form. A major caution with TOPV is that it is a live vaccine and must never be injected. Indications ore... 

The live, oral polio vaccine (OPV) is widely used... 

Perhaps surprisingly, all of the most successful attenuated viral vaccine strains in current use were produced by empirical methods long before the genetic basis of pathogenesis by the specific pathogen was understood. Thus, attenuated strains of polio virus for use as a live, oral vaccine (Sabin) were selected by growth of viruses isolated from human cases under cultural conditions that did not permit replication of neuropathogenic virus. Comparable procedures were used to select the attenuated virus strains that are currently used in live measles, mumps, rubella and yellow fever vaccines. 

The single-component viral vaccines are listed in Table 23.2 with notes similar to those provided with the bacterial vaccines. The only combined viral vaccine that is widely used is the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR Vac). In a sense however, both the inactivated (Salk) poliovaccine (Pol/Vac (inactivated)) and the live (Sabin) polio-vaccine (Pol/Vac (oral) are combined vaccines in that they are both mixtures of virus of each of the three serotypes of poliovirus. Influenza vaccines, too, are combined vaccines in that they usually contain components from several virus strains, usually from two strains of influenza A and one strain of influenza B. 

An inactivated trivalent vaccine developed by Jonas Salk was licensed for use in 1955. In 1987, an enhanced-potency inactivated poho vaccine (IPV) was introduced, and it has replaced the original inactivated vaccine. A live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) was developed by Albert Sabin in 1962. OPV was the primary immunizing agent for poliovirus infection. Widespread OPV use is responsible for eradication of wild-type polio in most of the world. However, with no poliovirus circulation in the United States for years, IPV is the recommended vaccine for the primary series and booster dose for children. OPV will continue to be used in the areas of the world that have circulating pohovirus. The CEX7 maintains a stockpile of OPV to be used only in case of an outbreak. ... 

Hib Hemophilus influenzae type b HSCT hematopoietic stem cell transplant IMIG intramuscular immunoglobulin IPV inactivated polio vaccine ITP immune thrombocytopenic purpura IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin LAIV live attenuated influenza vaccine MMR measles-mumps-rubeUa vaccine OPV oral polio vaccine... 

Vaccines—Usually these agents consist of suspensions of live microorganisms (bacteria or viruses) or microorganisms that have had their disease-causing properties removed but their anti body-stimulating properties retained. Examples are smallpox vaccine, Salk (injected) and Sabin (oral) types of polio vaccines, and measles vaccine. 

Multiple emulsions have been widely studied as means of delivering drugs via oral, topical, and parenteral routes. The applications include protein delivery (Cournarie et al., 2004), delivery of antibiotics to the vagina (Tedajo et al., 2005), sustained delivery (Vaziri and Warburton, 1994), and vaccine delivery (Bozkir and Hayta, 2004). The immunological response to a vaccine also depends on the route of administration. Most current vaccines are administered intramuscularly, which induces immunization as a systemic immunity. However, the live polio vaccine and the live typhoid vaccine are administered orally. Local immunization (oral, intranasal, or intravagina) may be preferred, since mucosal surfaces are the common entrance to many pathogens. Moreover local immunization induces both mucosal and systemic immunity. Ease of administration and avoidance of systemic side effects are additional advantages of local immunization (Walker, 1994 Shalaby, 1995). Nevertheless, successful local immunization has only been achieved with a limited number of oral vaccines. Also there are very few studies on multiple emulsions used in the immunization process, especially on parenteral and oral administration. 

IGIM should be injected into a deltoid or gluteal muscle. It does not affect the immune response of inactivated vaccines, oral polio virus, or yellow fever vaccine. The administration of live vaccines [e.g., measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine] concomitantly with IGIM may decrease the immune response significantly thus, MMR and varicella vaccine should be delayed for at least 3 and 5 months, respectively, after IGIM has been administered. Additionally, IGIM should not be given within 2 weeks of the MMR administration or within 3 weeks of the varicella vaccine to maximize the efficacy of the immunization.1... 

Currently available live vaccines include measles, mumps, polio, rubella, vaccinia (smallpox), varicella (chickenpox), and yellow fever. All of these are made from viruses. There are two live bacterial vaccines 1) Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) vaccine for tuberculosis and 2) oral typhoid. 

Live (viral) Polio oral vaccine, yellow fever, measles, rubella, mumps, influenza. 

Poliomyelitis. Two vaccines are licensed for the control of poliomyelitis in tile United States. The live, attenuated oral polio virus (OPV) vaccine can be used for the immunization of normal children. The killed or inactivated vaccine is recommended for immunization of adults at increased risk of exposure to poliomyelitis and of lmmunodeficient patients and their household contacts. Both vaccines protect against the three serotypes of poliomyelitis that cause disease. 

Oral vaccines that are licensed for human administration are limited. Presently, there are few oral vaccines licensed for human use (Table 11.2), although many orally administered vaccine candidates are in development. Live attenuated oral polio (OPV) is the vaccine of choice for the prevention of poliomyelitis... 

Live vectors (131,133) are another application of genetic engineering. In this case, the genes from a pathogen are inserted into a vaccine vector, such as salmonella or vaccinia. In the case of salmonella, it will be possible to develop an oral vaccine. Vectors for this application include salmonella, BCG, polio, adenovirus, and vaccinia. 

AZATHIOPRINE VACCINES i effectiveness of vaccines, t risk of adverse/toxic effects of live vaccines (e.g. measles, mumps, rubella, oral polio, BCG, yellow fever, varicella, TY21a typhoid), e.g. vaccinal infections Disseminated infection due to enhanced replication of vaccine virus in the presence of diminished immunocompetence Do not vaccinate when patients are on immunosuppressants. Vaccination should be deferred for at least 3 months after discontinuing immunosuppressants/myelosuppres-sants. If an individual has been recently vaccinated, do not initiate therapy for at least 2 weeks after vaccination... 

Live Attenuated Organisms. Live attenuated bacteria and viruses have been used not only as vaccines but also as a delivery system that elicits humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses against exogenous antigens. Since the success with live attenuated oral vaccines against tuberculosis and polio more than 3 decades ago, a number of live attenuated microorganisms have been used as antigen-delivery systems. Live vaccines are relatively easy and cheap to manufacture, because they do not require purification of... 

The manufacture of the oral vaccine has been discontinued because several children developed polio from the live virus. The intramuscular vaccine is the only vaccine available. It is an inactivated form of the virus. 

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