PMio particulates

SO , sulfur dioxide PMio, particulate matter, ten microns and over CO, carbon monoxide O3, ozone NO , nitrous oxide. 

PMIO particulate matter with mean diameter less than 10 j,m ... 

PMio particulate matter with aerodynamic particle diameter < 10 qm... 

An inventory of soitrces of PMio particulate matter in the United States appears in Fig. 2 and excludes fugitive soitrces, such as resuspended dusts from paved and unpaved roads. The emission factors for such processes are still very imcertain, and whereas there is no doubt such processes are important, their exact magnitude is not at all well known. Within Europe, emissions from road traffic feature very highly as a source of primary particles,... 

Particulates are another source of respiratory irritation when inhaled. In urban environments, diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and fly ash residue from power plant oil combustion are the main contributors of respirable particulates of less than 10 pm diameter (PMIO). These contain mixtures of lipophiles and hydrophiles including various metals, acid salts, aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, quinones, nitroaromatic hydrocarbons, and aldehydes [19]. Diesel combustion particulates contain large surface areas that can adsorb large quantities of organic compounds and deliver these to respiratory tract tissue. Other inhaled particulates can adhere to lung surfaces and adsorb and bond with other vapors that are inhaled, thereby increasing their toxicides. PM2.5 particulates (those with diameters of less than 2.5 pm) which reach the lower respiratory tract as far as the alveoli are more toxic than PMIO particulates of the same composition [20]. The subject of fine particle toxicity (nanotoxicity) is explored in greater detail in Chapter 36. 

PMIO particulate matter of 10 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter or smaller... 

Heal, M.R., Tunes, T., and Beverland, I.J. 2000 Using archive data to investigate trends in the sources and composition of urban PMIO particulate matter Application to Edinburgh (UK) between 1992 and 1997, Environmenal Monitoring and Assessment 62 333-340. 

Other Emissions. Tide 3 of the CAAA also impacts power plant particulate matter (ash) emissions. In June of 1994, the EPA actually relaxed its standards for emissions of particulate smaller than 10 micrometers (PMIO). This revision was in response to the EPA s mandate to review health-based poUution standards every dve years (12). However, it is uncertain as of this writing (1996) if states will indeed implement less stringent regulations for PMIO emissions. 

In addition, the PMio NAAQS will continue to place emphasis on quantifying and reducing particulate emissions in the less than 10- Im particle-size range. Particle size-specific emission factors have been developed for many sources, and size-specific emission standards have been developed in a number of states. These standards are addressing concerns related to HAP emissions of hea y metals, which are generaUy associated with the submicron particles. 

PMio a criteria air pollutant that is particulate matter in ambient air exceeding 10 microns in diameter. 

There is an additional Manual Monitoring Network, made up by 16 stations, committed to evaluate total particulate matter, PMIO (suspended particulate matter less than 10 /xm in diameter), sulfur dioxide and heavy... 

Particulate Matter. Maximum daily average concentration of particulate matter, smaller than 10 microns, measured at Xalostoc (NW), from July 1989 to July 1990 is exhibited in Figure 4a. The American Standard is 150 /ig m as a daily average. Maximum PMIO concentrations measured in several stations in June 1990 are presented in Figure 4b. 

PM2.5 - Particulate material less than 2.5 xm diameter forms in the same way as PM 0, but it can penetrate deeper into the respiratory system than PMio. 

Particulate matter is a complex emission that is classified as either suspended particulate matter, total suspended particulate matter, or simply, particulate matter. For human health purposes, the fraction of particulate matter that has been shown to contribute to respiratory diseases is termed PMio (i.e., particulate matter with sizes less than 10 tim). From a control standpoint, particulate matter can be characterized as follows (1) particle size distribution and (2) particulate matter concentration in the emission (mg/m ). On occasion, physical property descriptions may also be employed when there are specific control applications. 

When evaluating the health effects of indoor air fine particulate matter, the indoor dynamics as well as the physical, chemical and biological properties of fine particles have to be considered. The indoor air fraction PM2.5 largely stems from outdoor air. Accordingly, the Ad-hoc AG also recommends WHO s (2006) 24-hour mean guideline value of 25 gg/m3 PM2.s for indoor air evaluation. In contrast to PM2.5, coarse particles (PMio) in schools, kindergartens and dwellings show much... 

When a hquid or solid substance is emitted to the air as particulate matter, its properties and effects may be changed. As a substance is broken up into smaller and smaller particles, more of its surface area is exposed to the air. Under these circumstances, the substance, whatever its chemical composition, tends to combine physically or chemically with other particles or gases in the atmosphere. The resulting combinations are frequently unpredictable. Very small aerosol particles (from 0.001 to 0.1 pm) can act as condensation nuclei to facilitate the condensation of water vapor, thus promoting the formation of fog and ground mist. Particles less than 2 or 3 pm in size (about half by weight of the particles suspended in urban air) can penetrate the mucous membrane and attract and convey harmful chemicals such as sulfur dioxide. In order to address the special concerns related to the effects of very fine, inhalable particulates, EPA replaced its ambient air standards for total suspended particulates (TSP) with standards for particlute matter less than 10 pm in size (PMio). 

CFR Part 51 (Appendix M) State implementation plans Method 201A Particulate matter of less than or equal to 10 jig (PMIO)... 

Figure 1 Impairment of visibility by aerosols. Photographs at Yosemite National Park, California, USA. (a) Low aerosol concentration (particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 p,m, PM2.5 = 0.3 p,g m particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter less than 10 p,m, PMio = 1.1 ag m estimated coefficient of light scattering by particulate matter, (r p, at 570 nm = 12 Mm ). (b) High aerosol concentration (PM2.5 = 43.9 p,g m PMio = 83.4 p,g m estimated (r p at 570 nm = 245 Mm ) (reproduced by permission of National Park Service,...

Most vegetable oil production facilities are major sources of particulate matters (PM). Depending on the oilseed processed, PM emissions can be 0.1-0.3 lbs of total suspended particulate (TSP), which is about 50% PMio (PM smaller than 10 microns) and less than 2% PM2.5 (PM smaller than 2.5 microns), per ton of seed processed. PM controls would also have to be part of a facility s federal and state permits. Cottonseed oil production facilities probably also have to include NO, SO, and CO emissions in their federal and state permits. 

Atmospheric particles have spherical equivalent diameters (Dp) ranging from 1 nm to 100 pm. Plots of particle number concentration (as well as surface area and volume) as a function of particle size usually show that an atmospheric aerosol is composed of three or more modes, as illustrated in Figure 1. By convention, particles are classified into three approximate categories according to their size Aitken (or transient) nuclei mode (Dp <0.1 pm), accumulation mode (0.1 < Dp < 2.5 pm), and coarse mode (Dp > 2.5 pm) (Seinfeld and Pandis 1998). Particles smaller than 2.5 pm are generally classified as fine. The terms PM2.5 and PMio refer to particulate matter with aerodynamic equivalent diameters under 2.5 and 10 pm, respectively. These terms are often used to describe the total mass of particles with diameters smaller than the cutoff size. 

The first of these classes of air pollutants is called coarse particulate matter (PM), and comprises solid particles or liquid droplets which have an average diameter greater than about 10 pm) 10 mm), (i.e., > PMio). Particles or droplets of this class of contaminants are large enough to fall more or less rapidly out of the air of their own accord. 

Particulates (PMio, PM -) Bronchial irritation, inflammation, increased reactivity, reduced mucociliary clearance, reduced macrophage response... 

The total mass of particulate matter per unit volume of air is perhaps the simplest integral property, and it is on this quantity that U.S. federal standards for particulate pollution have been based. Until recently there was a single primary (health related) standard of 50 g/m (annual geometric mean) and 150 /rg/m- (maximum 24-hr concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year), with an upper cutoff in panicle size of 10 /ttm (PMio). However, epidemiological studies indicate an association between adverse health effects, including enhanced mortality, and submicron aerosol concentrations in many U.S. cities (Pope cl al.. 1995). This has led to the establishment of an additional mass ba.sed standard for particles smaller than 2.5 /im (PMj.j) (U.S. EPA, 1996). There is also a separate health-based standard for lead, one component of the atmospheric aerosol. 

In 2003, urban air pollution was monitored at 76 stations (44 and 32 operated by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of the Environment, respectively) located in 27 cities involved in the Monitoring System (SZU, 2004). In 2003, sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO/N02/NOx), particulate matter (TSP and/or suspended PMio fractions), and mass concentrations of selected metals (arsenic, chromium, cadmium, manganese, nickel and lead) in particulate matter samples were monitored in all the cities of the Monitoring System except for Melnik. The SO2 measurements in the Public Health Service network were terminated at all the manual stations in the cities with CHMI stations in the cities without a CHMI station, measurements are made during the heating season only). Concentrations of carbon oxide, ozone, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) continue to be monitored selectively in a number of the monitored cities. 

Between November 1995 and October 1996, particulate matter concentrations (PMio and PM2.5) were measured in 25 study areas in six Central and Eastern European countries Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovak Republic (CESAR study under PHARE). 

MoKendry, I.G. Evaluation of artificial neural networks for fine particulate pollution (PMIO and PM2.5) forecasting. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 52 (2002) 1096-1101. 

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