Total suspended particulate

Particulate removal from the coal gas is effected either through a series of dry-sofld and wet-sofld removal steps or through the use of dry soflds filters, so that the gas fed to the combustion turbine is essentially free of suspended particulates. The emissions of total suspended particulates (TSP) from a CGCC plant are about one-third those from a comparable pulverized coal plant equipped with a fabric filter and EGD unit. 

When a liquid or solid substance is emitted to the air as particulate matter, its properties and effects may be changed. As a substance is broken up into smaller and smaller particles, more of its surface area is exposed to the air. Under these circumstances, the substance, whatever its chemical composition, tends to combine physically or chemically with other particles or gases in the atmosphere. The resulting combinations are frequently unpredictable. Very small aerosol particles (from 0.001 to 0.1 Im) can act as condensation nuclei to facilitate the condensation of water vapor, thus promoting the formation of fog and ground mist. Particles less than 2 or 3 [Lm in size (about half by weight of the particles suspended in urban air) can penetrate the mucous membrane and attract and convey harmful chemicals such as sulfur dioxide. In order to address the special concerns related to the effects of very fine, iuhalable particulates, EPA replaced its ambient air standards for total suspended particulates (TSP) with standards for particlute matter less than 10 [Lm in size (PM, ). 

Because there has been no recent analysis of the relationship between the concentration of total suspended particulate matter in the air of cities with populations of different sizes, we are forced to use data for the decade... 

Using the Code of Federal Regulations, list the current reference methods for measuring NO2, O3, SO2, CO, total suspended particulate matter, and lead. 

Describe the deficiencies of a total suspended particulate measurement for relating ambient concentrations to potential human health effects. 

Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) total particulate matter in a sample of ambient air. 

FIGURE S.30 Comparison of ambient levels of t h maximum ozone, annual average of total suspended particulate matter (TSP), and sulfur dioxide in selected cities from around the world to illustrate the v tacion in these levels from countr)i to country with respect to the United States. [Reproduced from the National Air Quality and Emission Trends Report (1992), with permission.] ... 

The wind fences/screens method uses screens, which take up or deflect a sufficient amount of wind so that the wind velocity is lowered below the threshold required for initiation of soil movement. The maximum reduction of wind velocity is expected for a distance of one to five fence heights downstream. Tests have shown that wind screens can achieve up to 60% efficiency in controlling inhalable particulates and 75% of total suspended particulates at wind speeds of about 10 to 13 mi/h. 

Watson, J. G., Chemical element balance receptor model methodology for assessing the sources of fine and total suspended particulate matter in Portland, Oregon, PhD Thesis, Oregon Graduate Center, Beaverton, Oregon, 1979. 

Total suspended particulates (TSP), 1 798 Toth adsorption isotherm, 1 626, 627 Toughening... 

Particulate matter is a complex emission that is classified as either suspended particulate matter, total suspended particulate matter, or simply, particulate matter. For human health purposes, the fraction of particulate matter that has been shown to contribute to respiratory diseases is termed PMio (i.e., particulate matter with sizes less than 10 tim). From a control standpoint, particulate matter can be characterized as follows (1) particle size distribution and (2) particulate matter concentration in the emission (mg/m ). On occasion, physical property descriptions may also be employed when there are specific control applications. 

The Clean Air Act recognizes a number of so-called primary air pollutants, and the EPA has established standards for these substances. Ozone, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide are among these (the others are carbon monoxide and lead, discussed below, and total suspended particulates ). The EPA s standard for ozone is 0.08 parts of the gas per million parts of air (0.08 ppm), averaged over eight hours. Standards also exist for the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. These are designed to prevent chronic respiratory toxicity of any kind. 

Station ALOHA (see Figure 23.4 for location information). Three-point running mean observations of N/P molar ratios in (a) total dissolved inorganic plus organic pool, (b) total suspended particulate matter in the upper 0-100 m, (c) in exported particulate matter at 150 m depth, and (d) cycling in nutrient limitation (described in text). Source From Karl, D. M. (2002). Trends in Microbiology 10(9), 410-418. 

Watson, J.G., Jr., (1979) "Chemical Element Balance Receptor Model Methodology for Assessing the Sources of Fine and Total Suspended Particulate Matter in Portland, Oregon," Thesis, Ph.D., Department of Chemistry, Oregon Graduate Center, Beaverton, OR. 

Wlltsee, K. W., Jr. Cogley, D. R. "Analysis of Total Suspended Particulate Concentration In Metropolitan Boston", Walden Division of Abcor, Inc., June, 1977. 

Sources of Portland s total suspended particulate mass (Figure 1) were successfully identified by Chemical Mass Balance methods ( ). The key results of the study were as follows ... 

Methodology For Sources of Fine and Total Suspended Particulate Matter in Portland, Oregon." Oregon Graduate Center, February 1979. 

Comparisons of the regression coefficients of the source tracer elements with available source emission data, as well as comparisons with estimated source emission data for total suspended particulate matter, provide evidence of the validity of the models. 

Kleinman, M. T., D. M. Bernstein and T. J. Kneip. An apparent affect of the oil embargo on total suspended particulate matter and vanadium in New York City air. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc. 27 65-67 (1977). 

Lioy, P. J., R. P. Mallon and T. J. Kneip. Long-term trends in total suspended particulates, vanadium, manganese and lead at near street level and elevated sites in New York City. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc. 30 153-156 (1980). 

The distributions of the contributions of roads and soil to total suspended particulate matter (TSP) are shown in Figure 12. The figure shows that soil contributed a mean of 39% of the TSP and roads 12% during the summer sampling period in 1978. The distributions show that on individual days soil contributed up to about 70% of the TSP and roads up to about 30%. 

It should be noted that the sampler used in the study, (a stacked filter unit), collected only particles less than 15pm aerodynamic diameter, i.e. particles of respirable size. State standards for TSP are based on High Volume samplers which have no inlet cutoff. Hence, particles as large as 100 microns can be captured by these instruments. Therefore, measurements made in this study may not indicate whether particulate standards have been violated, since a significant portion of the total suspended particulate mass is not measured by the stacked filter unit (SFU). 

The aerosol samples collected by the SFU were analyzed both gravimetrlcally for total suspended particulate mass less than 15pm, and by particle induced x-ray emission (PIXE) for elemental content. The filters were weighed before and after sampling using a Cahn 25 electrobalance sensitive to Ipg. Typical precision of TSP determined by this analytical method is 0.5pg/m for samples collected under conditions of low aerosol concentrations ( ). After weighing, the filters were analyzed for elemental content (elements heavier than Na) using the UC Davis PIXE system. This analysis technique is described in Cahill al ( ). 

Air quality standards for particulate matter in the United States were expressed some years ago in terms of the mass of total suspended particulate matter (TSP). 

A gas-particle partition coefficient, Kp, is commonly used to describe the distribution of a SOC between the gas and particle phase. It is defined as the ratio of the SOC in particles (in units such as ng pg 1) to that in the gas phase (in units such as ng m 3). In essence, it is the fraction of the mass of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) that is the SOC of interest divided by the SOC gas-phase concentration. This gas-particle partition coefficient, which has units of m3 pig, can be calculated from the following ... 

Country City City population (X1000) Total suspended particulates (pg/m3) Sulfur dioxide (pg/m3) Nitrogen dioxide (Pg/m3)... 

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