Plasticizers in PVC

Soxhlet extraction Continuous extraction of sample with boiling solvent Organic compounds in solid samples (e.g. plasticizers in PVC)... 

Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) Diethyl phthalate (DEP) Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) a a O O y Plasticizers in PVC production. Component in the manufacture of cosmetics, inks, and adhesives - SW levels are near to 10 pg L 1 in rivers, between 0.5-1 pg L 1 and in sea water between 0.005-0.7 pg L-1 - US streams 2.5 pg L 1 (DEHP) and 0.25 pg L"1 (DEP) [4] Fast biodegradation under aerobic conditions. Half-life in water 1-15 days Half-life in soils 7 days -several months [65]... 

Uses Plasticizer in PVC flooring and other flexible PVC products (e.g., bottles, garden hoses, fishing lures, fabric coatings, flexible medical plastics, tarps, and awnings), films, and sheets in vacuum pumps. Also used in fluorescent lighting ballasts manufactured after 1979 as a replacement for PCBs (U.S. EPA, 1998). 

Roth B, Herkenrath P, Lehmann H-J, et al. 1988. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate as plasticizer in PVC respiratory tubing systems Indications of hazardous effects on pulmonary function in mechanically ventilated, preterm infants. Eur J Pediatr 147 41-46. 

Chlorinated paraffins, which contain up to 60-70% chlorine, are low in cost and are used as secondary plasticizer in PVC wire and cable insulations. Perchlorobicyclopentadiene has little plasticizing action and is used in polyethylene. Some of the more expensive bromine-containing fire retardants which have been used in the ratio of 5 p.p.h. in polystyrene foam, may be reduced to 0.5 p.p.h. by adding synergists such as peroxides or nitroso compounds. The reaction-type retardants, such as chlorendic acid and anhydride, hydroxy-terminated phosphonated esters, and specific brominated aliphatic esters, are admixed to rigid and flexible polyurethane foams, reinforced polyesters, phenolics, and epoxy resins. 

Castle, L., Mercer, A.J., Gilbert, J., 1988, Migration from plasticized films into foods. 4. Use of polymeric plasticizers and lower levels of di-(2-ethylhexyl)adipate plasticizer in PVC films to reduce migration into foods. Food Additives and Contaminants 5 (3) 277-282. 

Fatty acid esters of short-chain monofunctional alcohols act as secondary plasticizers in PVC. 

Esters based on allyl alcohol, such as diallyl phthalate and various polyunsaturated acrylates, have proved useful in improving adhesion of PVC to metal. They may be considered as polymerizable plasticizers. In PVC pastes they can be made to cross-link by the action of peroxides or perbenzoates... 

PVC samples showed an increase in both weight and tensile strength while all other samples showed a decrease in both weight and tensile strength. During immersion period, plasticizers in PVC samples appeared to exude from the specimens, thereby, samples seemed to gain their hardness. 

Uses Plasticizer in PVC calendering, extrusion, inj. molding, dip coating,... 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) > 4640 mg/kg Uses Flame retardant plasticizer in PVC, vinyl and vinyl nitrile foams, PVAc emulsions, cellulosic resins as fire-retardant hydraulic fluid ManuUDIstiib. Akzo Nobel Ashland C.P. Flail FMC Monsanto Sinochem Jiangsu Wuxi Stanchem Trade Names Phosflex 61B... 

These plasticizers are seldom used because double bonds in ricinoleic acid are easily oxidized. The last formula is characteristic of castor oil which contains 89% of ricinoleic acid. This group of plasticizers has a historical value since ricinoleates were used as early plasticizers in PVC and cellulosics. 

Nakajima apphed SALS to plasticizers of different compatibility with PVC. For more compatible plasticizers the size of the PVC particles increases faster and at lower temperatures than in the case of less compatible plasticizers. The beginning of swelling takes place around the glass transition temperature of PVC. At this temperature, the PVC chains have enough mobility to allow plasticizer penetratiom Hwee-Khim and Shaw employed this techniqne to estabhsh the compatibility of a series of plasticizers in PVC gels (concentrations aronnd 1-15%). Under these conditions, the authors found a clear relation between the gelation temperature and the plasticizer concentration. 

Incorporation of plasticizer in PVC system is expected to lead to an increased fiee volume. Experimental determination of free volume is very difficult as is to obtain temperature of absolute zero. Early developments searched for the reasons of free volume change and relationship between free volume and changes of chain mobility which parallel free volume changes. These findings suggest that free volume can be increased by ... 

PVC epoxy, polyester-isocyanate, unsaturated polyester, vinyl chloride-acetate copolymer, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alkyl ether, ethylene-vinyl acetate, nitrile rubber-phenolic, neoprene rubber, polyisobutylene rubber, polyurethane rubber, and polysulfide rubber. See discussion in Section 6.3.28 concerning migration of plasticizers in PVC. 

There are a few examples of plasticizers such as epoxy plasticizers in PVC that are covalently linked to the polymer chain. 

Phthalates, used as plasticizers in PVC (annual world production 6.4... 

To give up color when in contact with water or a solvent. Also a migration, tuidesired movement of additives in a plastic (e.g., plasticizers in PVC) to the surface of the finished article or into an adjacent material. The term is also used to describe a passage at the parting line of a mold (such as a vent, but deeper) that makes it possible for the material to escape or bleed. 

It is often obvious that the retention of additives, such as tackifiers in Pressure-sensitive adhesives, plasticizers in PVC and antioxidants in many polymers, is essential for making... 

At the present time, there is considerable concern about the effects of two categories of pollutants which overlap considerably, but are not identical. One focus is emissions of organic chemicals containing chlorine. The other is on emissions of chemicals which are mimics or antagonists of natural hormones, particularly estrogen. Within the plastics industry, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) are the polymers most affected on both fronts. Many of the suspected hormone-like chemicals are chlorinated, and some of those which are not chlorinated are used as plasticizers in PVC. The vinyl industry has been attacked by Greenpeace and some other... 

Phosphate Esters. The phosphate esters can be subdivided into halo-genated and non-halogenated versions. Halogenated phosphate esters are used almost exclusively in PUR foams. Rhodia (Antiblaze) and Akzo Nobel (Fyrol) are key suppUers. The non-halogenated phosphate esters are primarily aryl esters and are used in engineering plastics. They are widely used in lubricants and as plasticizers in PVC. Rhodia, GLCC, and Akzo Nobel are the key producers. 

Alkyl Diphenyl Phosphates. These are products originally developed to provide improved low temperature flexibility, a fault of triaryl phosphate plasticizers in PVC (103). These phosphates generally provide slightly less flame-retardant efficacy but are generally superior to the triaryl phosphates in regard to smoke when the vinyl formulation is burned. Two commercial products of this family are 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate [1241-94-7], C20H27O4P, Ferro s SANTICIZER 141 or Akzo Nobel s PHOSFLEX 362, and isodecyl diphenyl phosphate [29761-21-5], C22H31O4P, Ferro s SANTICIZER 148 or Akzo Nobel s PHOSFLEX 390. A... 

---