Food, migration into

Miscellaneous Uses. Inks used by inspectors to stamp the grade or quaUty on meat must, bylaw, be made from food-grade colors. Dyes used in packaging materials that come in direct contact with a food must also be food-grade or, if not, it must be estabUshed that no part of the colorant used migrates into the food product. Pet foods, too, if colored, must contain only those colorants recognized by the FDA as suitable for the purpose. 

Many materials used for food packaging contain chemicals which can migrate into the food in small quantities. These include plasticizers such as phthalate esters, used in wrapping materials, and bisphenol A, used in the resin linings of... 

The methods of analysis of polymer additives and chemicals, such as hydrocarbons, alcohols, etc., are not only restricted to the field of polymer chemistry but can also be applied for the analysis of such materials in the field of food chemistry. In addition, the analysis of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils has been of extreme importance. Polymeric packaging materials that are intended for food-contact use may contain certain additives that can migrate into the food products which are actually packaged in such products. The amounts of the additives that are permitted to migrate into food samples are controlled by government agencies in order to show... 

Yang et al. [389] rapidly distinguished compounds extracted from paper, using on-line SFE-SFC-FHR in conjunction with principal component analysis. The quantitative determination of the surfactant mixture Triton X-100 and other complex oligoether surfactants by means of cSFC-FTIR flow-cells has been reported [390,391]. Practical applications of SFC-FTIR include the determination of nonvolatile compounds from microwave-susceptible packaging that may migrate into heated food. Another application is the analysis of fibre finishes on fibre/textile matrices. 

The manufacturer of the pigmented articles must guarantee that the pigment neither migrates into food nor migrates from consumer goods or toys. 

The last source of NOC that has been a major source for health concern of infants is usage of rubber pacifiers and baby feeding bottles fitted with rubber nipples. NOC present in the rubber formulations can migrate into baby foods and drinks and into meat packed in rubber nettings. 

Human exposure to migrating substances (e.g., di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate) may result in reproductive disorders. There is a hazard that vinyl chloride monomers or bisphenol A migrating into food may induce carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic episodes. 

Begley, T.H., Dennison, J.L. and Hollifield, H.C. (1990). Migration into food of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) cyclic oligomers from PET microwave susceptor packaging. Food Addit. Contain., 7, 6, 797-803. 

Ozaki, A., Yamaguchi, Y., Okamoto, A. and Kawai, N. (2002). Determination of alkylphenols, bisphenol A, benzophenone and phthalates in containers of baby food, and migration into food simulants, Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi (J. Food Hyg. Soc. Japan), 43, 4, 260-266. 

Soto-Valdez, H., Gramshaw, J.W. and Vandenburg, H.J. (1997). Determination of potential migrants present in Nylon microwave and roasting bags and migration into olive oil, Food Addit. Contam., 14, 3, 309-318. 

BPA can occur due to an incomplete polymerization, followed by migration into the food or environment [200], Furthermore, BPA monomer is used as color developer in thermal paper and is consequently also present in recycled paper and paperboard which can be used as food packaging material [201]. Human exposure to BPA is believed to occur mainly through contaminated food, although recently dermal exposure and absorption have gained attention [202-204]. 

Kozyrod, R.P. Ziaziaris, J. (1989) A survey of plasticizer migration into foods. J Food Protect., 52, 578-580... 

The specificity and detection limits of methods for determining simple, small molecules present in packaging material which migrate into packaged goods have been discussed (Vogt, 1988). Butadiene can be determined in plastic polymers, foods and food simulants by chromatographic methods. 

The plastics industry is mainly concerned with the Bureau of Foods which conducts research and develops standards on the composition, quality, nutrition, and safety of foods, food additives, colors and cosmetics, and conducts research designed to improve the detection, prevention, and control of contamination. The FDA is concerned about indirect additives. Indirect additives are those substances capable of migrating into food from contacting plastic materials. Extensive tests are carried out by the FDA before issuing safety clearance to any plastic... 

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