PLASTICISATION

In the case of poly(vinyl chloride) plastics, the FWA is mixed dry with the PVC powder before processing or dissolved in the plasticising agent (see Vinyl polymers). Polystyrene, acrylonitrile—butadiene—styrene (ABS), and polyolefin granulates are powdered with FWA prior to extmsion (2,78) (see... 

C. D. Craver, Infra Red Spectra of Plasticisers and Other Additives, 2nd ed.. The Coblent2 Society, Kirkwood, Mo., 1980. 

PET does not crystallise well in the unoriented state even in a hot mold unless nucleating agents and/or plasticisers are added. Commercial PET ... 

PVC. Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), a very versatile polymer, is manufactured by the polymerisation of vinyl chloride monomer, a gaseous substance obtained from the reaction of ethylene with oxygen and hydrochloric acid. In its most basic form, the resin is a relatively hard material that requites the addition of other compounds, commonly plasticisers and stabilisers as well as certain other ingredients, to produce the desired physical properties for roofing use. The membranes come in both reinforced and nonreinforced constmctions, but since the 1980s the direction has been toward offering only reinforced membranes. The membrane thickness typically mns from 0.8—1.5 mm and widths typically in the range of 1.5—4.6 m. 

N. A. J. Plat2er, Plasticicyation and Plasticiser Processes, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1965. 

D. F. Cadogan, Plasticisers N Consideration of Their Impact on Health and the Environment, Plasticizers Sector Group, CEFIC, Brussels, Belgium, 1992. 

The majority (92% in 1988) of the butyraldehyde produced in the United States is converted into 1-butanol and 2-ethyIhexanol (2-EH). 2-EH is most widely used as the di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [117-81-7] ester for the plasticisation of flexible PVC. Other uses for 2-EH include production of intermediates for acryflc surface coatings, diesel fuel, and lube oil additives (24). 

Type AD-G is used in an entirely different sort of formulation. The polymer is designed for graft polymerisation with methyl methacrylate. Typically, equal amounts of AD-G and methyl methacrylate are dissolved together in toluene, and the reaction driven to completion with a free-radical catalyst, such as bensoyl peroxide. The graft polymer is usually mixed with an isocyanate just prior to use. It is not normally compounded with resin. The resulting adhesive has very good adhesion to plasticised vinyl, EVA sponge, thermoplastic mbber, and other difficult to bond substrates, and is of particular importance to the shoe industry (42,43). 

Non-ionic surfactants used in detergents, paints, herbicides, pesticides and plastics. Breakdown products, such as nonylphenol and octylphenol, are found in sewage and industrial efffuents Products of combustion of many materials Widely used as plasticisers for PVC. Common environmental pollutants... 

However, not all EDs with a high log possess or require the ability to bioaccnmulate in order to be biologically active. For example, phthalate plasticisers, chlorophenols from Kraft mill effluents and natural or synthetic hormones can influence an organism s hormone profile and affect reproductive function and immune response without exhibiting bioaccnmiilation. ... 

Architectural uses (window frames, etc.). Plasticised to moke artificial leather, hoses, clothing. 

In summary, then, design with polymers requires special attention to time-dependent effects, large elastic deformation and the effects of temperature, even close to room temperature. Room temperature data for the generic polymers are presented in Table 21.5. As emphasised already, they are approximate, suitable only for the first step of the design project. For the next step you should consult books (see Further reading), and when the choice has narrowed to one or a few candidates, data for them should be sought from manufacturers data sheets, or from your own tests. Many polymers contain additives - plasticisers, fillers, colourants - which change the mechanical properties. Manufacturers will identify the polymers they sell, but will rarely disclose their... 

For a material to act as a plasticiser it must conform to the following requirements ... 

The solubility parameters of a number of commercial plasticisers are given in Table 5.7... 

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