Plasticiser salt

Cyclic oligomers of PA6 can be separated by PC [385,386] also PET and linear PET oligomers were separated by this technique [387]. Similarly, PC has been used for the determination of PEGs, but was limited by its insensitivity and low repeatability [388]. PC was also used in the determination of Cd, Pb and Zn salts of fatty acids [389]. ATR-IR has been used to identify the plasticisers DEHP and TEHTM separated by PC [390]. Although this combined method is inferior in sensitivity and resolution to modem hyphenated separation systems it is simple, cheap and suitable for routine analysis of components like polymer additives. However, the applicability of ATR-IR for in situ identification of components separated by PC is severely restricted by background interference. 

The production of light coloured products with a requirement for low build-up of static electricity requires the addition of an ingredient which is capable of providing the rubber with a low electrical resistance. Quartemary ammonium salts and ethylene oxide condensates provide one route. Of the common plasticisers, phosphate types have the lowest electrical resistance conferring properties in rubbers. Special antistatic plasticisers, such as polyethylene glycol fatty alcohol ethers, are designed to give rubbers with low surface resistivity. 

In terms of specificity in isolation, one will also isolate food constituents that are not aroma compounds (e.g. pesticides, herbicides, PCBs, plasticisers, and some antioxidants). Since these compounds are typically present in foods at very low levels, they generally present few complications. The primary volatile that complicates the application of this methodology is water. In all cases, one obtains an aroma isolate that consists of volatiles in an aqueous solution . Thus, unless the amount of water is small and the subsequent analytical step is tolerant of some water, volatility-based techniques must include some water-removal process. This may be freeze-concentration, the addition of anhydrous salts, or solvent extraction. Distillation is often used to isolate aroma compounds from fat-containing foods. Since fat is not volatile (under isolation conditions), its presence does not prohibit the use of this methodology. 

Quantitative risk assessments have been performed on a variety of flame-retardants used both in upholstered furniture fabric and foam. The National Research Council performed a quantitative risk assessment on 16 chemicals (or chemical classes) identified by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). The results were published in 2000.88 The 16 flame-retardants included in this NRC study were HBCD, deca-BDE, alumina trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, zinc borate, calcium and zinc molybdates, antimony trioxide, antimony pentoxide and sodium antimonate, ammonium polyphosphates, phosphonic acid, (3- [hydroxymethyl]amino -3-oxopropyl)-dimethylester, organic phosphonates, tris (monochloropropyl) phosphate, tris (l,3-dichloropropyl-2) phosphate, aromatic phosphate plasticisers, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) hydronium salts, and chlorinated paraffins. The conclusions of the assessment was that the following flame-retardants can be used on residential furniture with minimal risk, even under worst-case assumptions ... 

Four different polyester plasticisers for PVC, having moderate acid numbers (11.5 to 20.5 mg KOH/g resin), were synthesised. These polyesters were modified by converting the terminal COOH group to Ba(II) and Cd(II) carboxylate salts in order to introduce the capability of heat stabilisation for PVC. The modified polyesters were applied as dual function polyesters, i.e. as plasticisers and stabilisers at the same time. The thermal stabilisation efficiency of the plasticised PVC films formed was tested photometrically and the data obtained were compared with that afforded by Irgastab BZ 556. The efficiencies of these modified polyesters as heat stabilisers for PVC were found to be comparable with those of Irgastab BZ 556. 38 refs. CIBA-GEIGY CO. 

The alkali metal salt was LiC104, with Li/O ratios of 0.028 and 0.043 for the dry and swollen cases, respectively the swollen network is able to accommodate a greater concentration, because the plasticiser (propylene carbonate, concentration 60% by mass) is itself a good solvent for the salt. 

Impurities containing the carbonyl group, e.g. phosgene in chloroform, plasticisers Bound or unbound water can give rise to sharp or broad bands Alkali salts (which also have a weaker band at 1425 cm" 9 can be produced from alkali halides Lens tissues... 

Both one-component and two-component silicone sealants contain polydimethyl siloxane as the base polymer along with fillers such as calcium carbonate and/or fumed silica fillers, plasticisers (silicone oil) and a variety of cross-linking agents and adhesion promoters. Two-component sealants utilise a catalyst such as dibutyl tin dilaurate, alkyl silicate esters and metallic salts (Maslow, 1982). 

The use is disclosed of oxaboroles and salts thereof as industrial biocides, especially fungicides for the protection of plastics materials such as plasticised PVC. Preferred compounds are 5- and 6-fluoro orbromo-l,3-dihydro-l-hydroxy-2,l-benzoxaborole including 0-esters thereof... 

Water content is adjusted to the total surfactant concentration of 30-42 % wt. The residual sulphite in the product may be oxidised to sulphate. The sulphonation proceeds also well when using partially hydrated crystalline sodium sulphite in a jacketed shear-stress reactor. This process modification is especially appropriate for manufacturing concentrated sulphosuccinate monoesters as flakes or vermicelli (often with plasticisers and fillers added in situ) suitable in mild synthetic soap bars [78]. The Cn-ig alcohols (I), ethoxylated (x2-4 mole EO) alcohols (II), and fatty monoethanolamides (III) esters of sulphosuccinic acid, mainly as sodium and alkanolamine salts, are of most practical importance as very mild high-foaming surfactants useful for personal care products and in wool, fur, and leather treatment. Very mild disodium PEG-5 laurylcitrate sulphosuccinate (in combination with sodium lauryl ethersulphate) serve for cosmetics produced by Witco as "Rewopol SB CS 50". 

Effect of water and salt on the adherend. Deterioration of materials such as metals and concrete is often more rapid with salt solution than with water, for example by the action of electro-chemical corrosion. Water itself may be responsible for a number of changes in the adherends concrete is likely to get stronger with further hydration of the cement, and plastic may become weaker by plasticisation. The resin/fibre interface in composite materials is also susceptible to degradation by water. With metals, water may attack... 

Also using silica gel G layers, Bbaun [4, 5] has separated numerous plasticisers with methylene dichloride, after they had been extracted from the plastic material with benzene or ether (provided the polymer itself was not soluble). Antimony(V)chloride (Rgt. No. 18) is a generally applicable spray reagent it yields brown spots with most of the plasticisers after the plate is heated to 120° C. Phthalate esters can be detected in addition with resorcinol solution (Rgt. No. 218) and phosphate esters with a diazonium salt reagent (No, 238). 

Braun and Vohrendohbe [8] describe the analysis of phenolic components of plasticisers. It is carried out after prior saponification by boiling for 3 hours with IN alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution. The salts formed during the hydrolysis are best removed before chromatography. Silica gel 6 layers, impregnated with formamide , and methylene dichloride-cyclohexane (55 + 45) are used. Petbowitz [64] has used benzene and benzene-methanol (95 + 5) in TLC on normal silica gel 6 layers. 

Figure 3.3 shows the construction of the first type of electrode. A standard silver-silver chloride electrode is enclosed by a removable cap, the end of which is sealed by a plasticised PVC membrane. The membrane usually contains a salt of an anionic and a cationic surfactant, although a single surfactant of either charge, or even no surfactant at all, may be used. The electrode is filled with dilute sodium chloride solution, typically 0.01 mol/1, which may contain a surfactant, typically at... 

Batteries require the transfer of ions from one electrode to another. Originally in battery technology, the electrolyte was a fluid. However, batteries for uses in space craft and medical apphcations, such as cardiac pacemakers, require that the electrolyte should be a permeable sohd. The original pacemaker batteries used a mixture of poly(N-vinylpyrrohdone) mixed with a low molar mass plasticiser and doped with a high concentration of a salt. 

The durability of epoxy-aluminium joints that used a homopolymerised epoxy resin was studied by researchers based in Spain [15], and the effects of relative humidity, temperature, and salt concentration analysed. The homopolymerised epoxy resin absorbed little water (1.5 wt%) because of its non-polar network structure. Increasing relative humidity and temperature enhanced water uptake, but the joint strength remained constant because of epoxy plasticisation. A saline environment was damaging to the adhesive joints because of metal corrosion, but was not significantly harmful to the epoxy resin because of the lower diffusion coefficient of salt water. The decrease in glass transition temperature of the epoxy adhesive due to water absorption was dependent upon only the amount of absorbed water and was independent of hydrothermal ageing conditions. The durability of epoxy adhesive joints made underwater has been studied [16]. 

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