Plastic products, improvement

On the other hand, the reliability of the product improves, too, if each state of the plasticity deformation, the creep deformation, and the diffusion joint in the solid phase diffusion bonding as the bonding process, is accurately understood, and the bonding process is controlled properly. 

The mature plastics industry is a worldwide, multibillion-dollar industry in which a steady flow of new or improved plastic materials, new or improved production processes, and new or improved market demands has caused rapid and tremendous growth in the use of plastics. For over a century the World of Plastics product production, with over a billion products, continues to expand enormously with the passing of time. Manufacturers are introducing new products in record time. The ability to shrink time-to-market schedules continues to evolve through the more knowledgeable application and behavior or familiarity of the different plastic ma-... 

As an example, for room-temperature applications most metals can be considered to be truly elastic. When stresses beyond the yield point are permitted in the design, permanent deformation is considered to be a function only of applied load and can be determined directly from the stress-strain diagram. The behavior of most plastics is much more dependent on the time of application of the load, the past history of loading, the current and past temperature cycles, and the environmental conditions. Ignorance of these conditions has resulted in the appearance on the market of plastic products that were improperly designed. Fortunately, product performance has been greatly improved as the amount of technical information on the mechanical properties of plastics has increased in the past half century. More importantly, designers have become more familiar with the behavior of plastics rather than... 

One general method of improving the performance of plastic products in impact loading is to prevent, by design and handling, the formation of notched areas which act as stress... 

Stabilizer These are agents or materials present in or added into practically all different plastics to improve their performances that range in the many different requirements needed in the fabricated product to meet performance requirements. They basically inhibit chemical reactions that bring about undesirable chemical degradation. 

The flexibility of some plastics can be improved by the addition of small molecules called plasticizers. For example, pure PVC turns brittle and cracks too easily to make useful flexible plastic products. With an added plasticizer, however, PVC can be used to make seat covers for automobiles, raincoats, garden hoses, and other flexible plastic objects. Plasticizers must be liquids that mix readily with the pol Tner. In addition, they must have low volatility so that they do not escape rapidly from the plastic. Dioctylphthalate is a liquid plasticizer that is formed by condensing two alcohol molecules with one molecule of phthalic acid, as illustrated in Figure 13-10. 

To progress in the automotive industry, plastics must improve their performance characteristics, ease of processing, productivity and recycling, for example ... 

The second goal was that the company should seek to be the lowest-cost producer in the more mature businesses. These include oil and gas exploration and production, coal production, commodity fibers and plastics, automotive finishes, plastic films, and titanium dioxide white pigment. Extensive process and productivity improvements have been achieved. 

Chrome yellow pigments stabilized with a large amount of silicate play a major role in the production of colored plastics (e.g., PVC, polyethylene, or polyesters) with high temperature resistance. Incorporation into plastics also improves their chemical resistance to alkali, acid, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. 

The application areas of bimodal polyethylenes are the same as for corresponding uni-modal resins. However, improved product property combinations, such as stiffness-impact balance, result in products with higher performance. For example, without bimodal polyethylene and control over the MWD and comonomer incorporation, development of HDPE pipe materials with higher pressure classification would not have been possible [15, 16]. Another new opportunity is material reduction (source reduction) without compromising the properties of the ready-made plastic products. Depending on the end use, e.g. in film application a thickness reduction of 10-30% is possible. 

Leading the processing growth was the expansion of twin-sheet and pressure-formed plastic products. Fueled mostly by advances in mold technology, material developments, and thermoforming machinery capabilities, technology improvements in the form of machine controls have led to machine designs that are faster and more consistent than was previously possible. As an example advanced materials and... 

Applications development to achieve higher production volumes will be crucial for continued market expansion. Production costs for biopolymers still remain high because of low volumes, and profitability of biodegradable plastics products is still too low. Hence, volumes must be increased if unit costs are to fall and profitability is to improve. 

The higher yields represent improvements in alkylation efficiency and better utilization of the benzene feedstock. The higher purities improve the efficiencies of downstream technologies, so that ultimately less energy is consumed in the styrenic and phenolic chains for producing plastic products. Another important factor is that the zeolitic catalysts are more environmentally friendly materials than aluminum chloride and SPA. 

Encouraging results on the bonding of plastics to wood using tailor-made cellulose-polystyrene graft polymers as compatibilizers or interfacial agents may offer a new approach to the engineering of wood-plastic products with improved mechanical and physical properties for a variety of applications. It also holds the potential of opening up new markets for renewable resources in the form of woody materials. For example, polystyrene production is currently 3.9 billion... 

Before its conversion into plastic products the resulting resin is almost always compounded with various additives of different nature and constitution, meant to improve processing, stability, or mechanical specifications as a function of a given application (outdoors, i.e. UV-light exposed, oxidation, high-temperature processing). Such additives are regularly used as ... 

Molecular sieve catalyst is composed of silica oxide and alumina, with a special structure. Since its first introduction in pyrolysis of heavy oil by America Mobil Co. in the 1960s, molecular sieve catalysts have been widely used in the petrochemical industry. The quality and yield of gasoline as well as the oil production scale have been greatly improved. Similarly, a large number of investigations on the function of molecular sieve catalysts in plastic pyrolysis have been carried out, and it has been proven that molecular sieve catalyst can also greatly promote the pyrolysis of plastics and improve the quality and yield of oil products. 

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