Pine tree resin

The sodium abietate, the salt of abietic acid produced from natural pine tree resin, was used as the air entraining agent. The anionic admixtures, mainly alkylaiylsul-phonates, sodium oleate, as well as the non-ionic surfactants such as nonylphe-nolethoxylate are more and more frequently used. This surfactant is efficient air entrainer but does not perform well in freeze-thaw durability tests [358]. 

Chewing gum is enjoying increased usage in the world and would be in short supply if chicle were the only base. Other bases now being used include refined pine tree resins from the southeastern U.S., jelutong from Indonesia and Malaysia, and synthetic rubbers such as polyisobutylene and styrene-butadiene rubber. Chicle consumption is estimated in the United States at 1000- 2000 tons per year. 

Figure 1. A smectic A phase extended on the left-hand side, and showing defect lines in the form of conics a smectic rodlet and small germs are floating in the isotropic phase. The mesogenic product, 4-cyano-4 -n-octylbiphenyl (8CB), was added together with a small amount of Canada balsam, and the mixture was observed between crossed polarizers at room temperature. Canada balsam is an isotropic but optically active and fluid resin, extracted from the conifer Abies balsamea, which facilitates the production of regular smectic textures in several thermotropic liquids. Collophony, or rosin, is a stabilized pine tree resin, used to rub violin bows Friedel used this substance not only for his violin, but also to obtain remarkable smectic textures. Scale bar 20 pm.

Napac results from the transformation of Chinese reeds with a natural binder (starch and pine tree resin). These raw materials can be mixed with a colourant and extruded in pellets. The fibre concentration is around 70-75%. Pellets are then moulded by hot compression. This material is perfectly stable outdoors and is formulated to resist exposure to UV light. The applications are flower pots, CD boxes, interior car parts and non-food packaging. 

I.4. Polyterpene resins. Terpene resins are obtained from natural terpene monomers obtained from naval stores, paper pulp production, and citrus juice production. Terpenes are found in almost all living plants, and the turpentine oil from pine trees is the most important source. 

Kien, m. resinoiis pine, -apfel, m. pine cone, -baum, m. pine tree, -harz, m. pine resin, rosin, -holz, n. (resinous) pine wood, pine, -holzol, n. pine wood oil. 

Tannenbaum, m. fir tree pine tree, tannenbaumartig, a. arborescent, dendritic. Tannen-baumkristall, m. arborescent crystal, dendrite, -harz, n. fir resin, -harzsaure, /, fir-resin acid, specif, abietic acid, -holzstoff, m. fir (wood) pulp, -nadelol, n. fir-needle oil (loosely) pine-needle oil. -zapfen, m. fir cone, -zapfenol, n. fir-cone oil (loosely) pine-cone oil. 

Many types, such as pine tar, are distillates from pine tree farming in Scandinavia. Pine tar is a dark viscous liquid used at about 3-7 phr dosage level. It does not affect hardness levels to the same extent as the equal amount of petroleum oil. From the nature of its sources it can vary in acidity and thus has tended to be replaced by cheaper more predictable alternatives which are available from the residues of petroleum distillation. Tack improvement of rubber compounds is derived from the presence of colophony resin derivatives. 

The interesting m-menthadienol (3S)-l-methyl-5-(l-hydroxy-l-methyl-ethyl)-l,3-cyclohexadiene 253, is produced by Ips sexdentatus, boring under stress in 3-carene-rich, highly resinous pine trees and possibly released as a kind of warning signal to conspecifics to keep off [463]. 

If you trace the word resin back far enough, you ll find that it was originally defined as a low molecular weight, natural polymer that is an exudate of (it exudes from) vegetable or non-vegetable matter. Examples are rosin (from pine trees), shellac (from insects), and both frankincense and myrrh (aromatic gums from an East African and an Asian species of tree). Resins like these do not flow if heat and pressure are applied, like plastics do. They decompose or melt. (This definition of resin is obsolete in commerce today.)... 

Physical Form. Volatile liquid, colorless or yellow, which is a mixture of natural substances obtained ftom resinous exudates or resinous wood ftom living or dead coniferous trees, especially pine trees. The chemical composition can vary with the source and method of derivation, but a typical analysis of turpentine is a-pinene, 82.5% camphene, 8.7% (3-pinene, 2.1% unidentified natural turpenes, 6.8%. 

Chemical injections into pine trees have been reported to have stimulatory effects on the natural production of resins and terpenes and may result in high yields of these valuable chemicals. Combined oleoresin—timber production in mixed stands of pine and timber trees is under development, and it appears that when short-rotation forestry is used, the yields of energy products and timber can be substantially higher than the yields from separate operations. 

Amber is fossilized tree resin that hardened over millions of years and now is valued as a gem. Baltic amber is thought to be hardened sap from pine trees. It is normally yellow-brown in color, but the shades vary from almost white to almost black. Although sometimes completely clear, amber often contains inclusions of insects or other matter, often considered desirable. Much amber is obtained along the shores of the Baltic Sea, but it is also found along the coasts of Sicily, Romania, and Myanmar. 

Amber can be formed by any plant that produces sap or resin. It is not specific to pine trees, as is commonly believed. The amber found in the Baltic region of Eastern Europe was indeed formed in a huge pine forest that covered that area about 10 million years ago, during the Miocene Epoch. Much of today s commercial amber is mined in Mexico and the Dominican Republic. These deposits are older than the European amber, and were formed by large shrubs in the Pea family. 

Some useful oils, like turpentine, are produced as the by-products of other manufacturing or processing. Oil of turpentine is produced as a by-product of paper-making (sulfur turpentine), from treatment of otherwise unusable wood, like stumps and slash left from logging (wood turpentine), or from the distillation of tree resin (gum turpentine). Most, but not all, turpentine is made from pine tree materials. 

Rosin is sometimes used to refer to certain resins, especially the natural exudates of fir and pine trees, and in such designations as rosin-tree for the South African shrub Cineraria resinifera. Strictly speaking, rosin is the residue after distillation of the volatile components of the whole resin, again, especially of fir and pine resins. The term is synonymous to colophony. In modern practice, colophony is obtained by vacuum distillation of the volatile constituents of resin in the absence of air. The product retains the typically yellow color of the original resin. In earlier times, the resin was heated in open vessels and the product was brown or black and partially pyrolyzed it was, in fact, pitch. Because of this ambiguity, it is best to avoid the word rosin altogether. 

Plant Defense Preformed and Induced Resin Defense by Pine Trees (Original Contribution by Fred Stephen, Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas and Timothy D. Paine, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside)... 

TORUSCULA — is an Erudition of Resin from the Pine Tree. 

Many important substances exist whose molecules contain two or mere rings, fused together. One of these substances is pinene, C oHj, which is the principal constituent of turpentine. Turpentine is an oil obtained by distilling a semifluid resinous material that exudes from pine trees. The pinene molecule has the following structure ... 

Terpene extraction from pine trees and other biomass species is also established technology. Naval stores, which are the various resinous substances such as... 

Paraquat is used as a broad-spectrum herbicide on weeds and grasses in agricultural and nonagricultural areas. It is used as a desiccant on tomatoes, cotton, beans, soybeans, potatoes, sunflowers, and sugar cane to aid in harvesting and to induce resin soaking on pine trees. 

The chemical nature of amber is complex. Amber consists of complex mixtures of sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, and triterpenoids that have undergone polymerization and molecular reorganization during fossilization. Phenolic units may also be present. Baltic coast deposits, which contain about 8% succinic acid, are often called succinite. Amber is amorphous, and its infrared spectrum closely resembles those of nonvolatile resins from extinct pine trees. It is believed not to be a high polymer, the resinous state being accounted for by the complexity of materials present. Amber also serves as a repository for a variety of extinct species of insects. 

Many reactions can be carried out without solvent when the reagents are liquids or when the mixture can be melted to produce a liquid.44 This includes cases in which a solid reagent gradually dissolves in the other as the reaction proceeds. Esters of rosin are made in melts, which solidify on cooling. Rosin is a mixture of resin acids obtained from pine trees. The one shown, abietic acid, can be esterified with pentaerythritol (8.2) as shown, or with other alcohols. 

Both fatty and resin acids (diterpene acids) are obtained as a by-product of the pulping of wood for paper. The mixture is known as tall oil. The separated resin acids are known as rosin. Resin acids such as abietic acid (12.20) can also be obtained as exudates of pine trees. 

The study of electricity probably began with amber, a pale yellow to reddish brown fossil resin from the extinct pine tree Pinites succinifera. It is found along the Baltic coast and is mined in what was east Prussia. As early as 600 B.C., Thales of Miletus attracted feathers to amber that had been rubbed with a cloth. 

Amber. Succinite Baltic amber Bernstein. A fossil resin from the extinct pine tree Pfnries succtnifera (Goepp.) Conway, Pinaceae. Found along the Baltic coast, also mined in Samland (East Prussia). Baltic amber contains C 79%. H 10.5%, O 10,5% succinic acid 3-8% a-amyrin 20-30%. Refi Plonait, Angew. Chem. 48, 184... 

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