Chinese reed

Coal gasification to syngas is a complex network of parallel and consecutive reactions. Some basic aspects have already been examined in Section 5.1.5.2 and are treated in more detail in conjunction with the gasification of Chinese reed (Section 6.1.4.1) and the blast furnace process (Section 6.5). If we assume, for simplicity, that coal is represented by carbon ( C ) the main reactions taking place are ... 

Table 6.2.3 Characterization of Chinese reed [data from Roll (1994) Roll and Hedden (1994)].

Figure 6.2.12 Equilibrium composition of syngas formed by adiabatic gasification of Chinese reed (2 bar, Ti = 25°C, calculated by minimization of Gsystem). Data from Roll (1994) Roll and Hedden (1994).

Figure 6.2.16 (a) Reactivity of carbonaceous materials (related to mass) for oxidation with O2 (BFC blast furnace coke, ACC active charcoal, BC biomass coke from Chinese reed Miscanthus, CC charcoal), (b) Reactivity of carbonaceous materials for oxidation related to mass as well as to surface area (kA = km/ABcri BFC with about 2 m ACC 900m g", CC 360m g- ). 

Figure 6.2.17 Effective rate constants of oxidation and gasification (with H2O and CO2) of char derived from Chinese reed [data from Roll (1994) and Roll and Hedden (1994) parameters used for calculation mean values at 800°C, molecular and effective diffusivity 2 and 0.2cm s particle...

Figure 6.2.18 Oxygen content at the external surface, in the center of the particle, and mean value within the particle during oxidation of char from Chinese reed.

Figure 6.2.25 Semi-technical gasifier of Chinese reed calculated profiles of gas phase and wall temperature and carbon conversion (a) and profiles ofthe product gas composition (without nitrogen), symbols measured values (b) (Roll, 1994 Roll and Hedden, 1994).

Roll, H.J. and Hedden, K. (1994) Entrained flow gasification of coarsely ground Chinese reed. Chem. Eng. Proc., 33, 353-361. 

Napac results from the transformation of Chinese reeds with a natural binder (starch and pine tree resin). These raw materials can be mixed with a colourant and extruded in pellets. The fibre concentration is around 70-75%. Pellets are then moulded by hot compression. This material is perfectly stable outdoors and is formulated to resist exposure to UV light. The applications are flower pots, CD boxes, interior car parts and non-food packaging. 

Because of the recent rash of hurricanes like Katrina and tsunamis, we have become more aware of the need for protection against their violence. Geotextiles play a major role in this protection. Reinforced soil was used by Babylonians 3000 years ago in the construction of their pyramid-like tower, ziggurats. One of these famous towers, the Tower of Babel, collapsed. For thousands of years, the Chinese used wood, straw, and bamboo for soil reinforcement including the construction of the Great Wall. In fact, the Chinese symbol for civil engineering can be translated as earth and wood. The Dutch have made extensive use of natural fibrous materials in their age-old battle with the sea. The Romans employed wood and reed for foundation reinforcement. By the 1920s, cotton fabrics were tested as a... 

The concept of fiber composites is very old as it dates back to 800 BC when Israehtes and Egyptian pharaohs in third millennium BC used straw in bricks manufacturing as a reinforcement Later on the Chinese used to do this as well. The papyrus is another such example where papyrus reed was placed parallel to each other and stacked on perpendicular layers and pressure was exerted on it in order to form papyrus paper. In 108 AD, the Chinese invented the paper, as we know it in the similar manner [171]. In the 1930s, a more advanced version of fiber composites came into being in the United States where they used short glass fiber reinforcement in cement and fiber-enforced composites were developed in 1940. Composites were also used in World War II when glass fiber and polyester resin composites were used to make boat hulls and radomes (radar cover) In the 1950s, for... 

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