Pine black

The lampblack used in Japan is obtained by the incomplete burning of pine wood, and consists of very fine easily scattered particles. It contains a small amount of tar, and when water is added to the powder, it floats on the water and the two cannot be easily mixed together. A mixture of lampblack, sulphur and potassium nitrate in the ratio 25 15 60 

The particles are so fine that it spreads well into a mixture, even if the amount is small. This characteristic is a great advantage as an ignition agent. As a component of the Senko-Hanabi composition, it creates a big spark with many branches, and has been used for this from old times. The high price is the major defect. 

Manufacture. Rape oil, resin, pine root or pine wood is burnt in an oven and the generated soot, which is caught on the wall of the oven, is subsequently collected. It is said that the quality varies with the place where the soot is caught. 

Carbon black used for industry is different from the lamp black. It is made from natural gas, acetylene gas, anthracene or coal tar. This material has a high specific gravity(1.8 2.1 g/cc) and contains carbon with a graphite structure the crystalline nature can be observed by X ray techniques. It is rather difficult to burn it in the air and it did not produce sparks in Senko-Hanabi when it was tested by the author. 

Atomic weight 26.982. Pure aluminium has a specific gravity of 2.699 it melts at 660 C and boils at about 2270°C. The heat of combustion in excess of oxygen is 7130 kcal per 1 kg. This value is 690 kcal smaller than that of carbon, which generates 7820 kcal of heat per 1 kg. But aluminium does not produce as much gas as carbon, and the heat is well concentrated on the product to obtain a high temperature. 

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Variations found in CTO composition result primarily from the species of wood pulped and the location and climate where the trees are grown. Pulping process variations further affect CTO composition. The best CTO is produced from pine wood. However, many U.S. mills mix hardwood with pine to reduce fiber costs, or mix hardwood black Hquor with pine black Hquor. This lowers the rosin content. The composition of CTO produced in the southeastern United States and of typical Canadian and Scandinavian CTOs are shown in Table 2. 

Allelopathic interactions may occur throughout the life of a stand, but are most commonly observed during reforestation or regeneration. Allelopathy prevents some tree species from regenerating, but most regenerate in spite of it. The allelopathic plants of abandoned fields are not common forest species. In contrast, however, Douglas-fir, jack pine, black and white spruce, wild cherry, and slash and loblolly pine seedlings appear to be inhibited by species common in the forest. In such cases... 

Kraft Lignin. The industrial pine black liquor was diluted with water (1 10) before analytical RPC. 

With the exception of peanuts, most of the important nuts from around the world are home on trees, many of them from native seedlings. Among the latter group are the beechnut, Bra2il nut, butternut, chestnut, filbert, hickory nut, pecan, pine nut, and black walnut. The pecan, Knglish walnut, filbert, and almond are the four principal edible tree nuts produced in the United States, where the term Knglish walnut is used synonymously with the Persian or Carpathian walnut (2). 

CTO prices are closely tied to the cycles of the U.S. economy and the paper industry. They vary between 120 and 220 per metric ton. In 1995 they were close to 200/t (4). With 50% of pine wood being converted to linerboard valued at 400— 600 per ton, pulp manufacturers do not focus on optimum black Hquor soap recovery, which only amounts of 60—70 kg/1 of southern pine pulp. This soap is converted to 30—35 kg of CTO, worth 6— 7 or less than a Htde over 1% of the pulp value (5). This recovery is only 45% of the CTO available in the pine tree. With more care and higher CTO prices, 10—15 kg of additional CTO could be obtained per ton of pulp (6). 

Eor practical purposes, the sapwood of all species may be considered to be susceptible to biodeterioration. The heartwood of some species, however, contains toxic extractives that protect it against biological attack. Among the native species that have decay-resistant or highly decay-resistant heartwood are bald cypress, redwood, cedars, white oak, black locust, and black walnut (60). Douglas-fir, several of the pines, the larches, and honey locust... 

Gum turpentine is obtained from wounding living trees to get an exudate containing turpentine and rosin. Turpentine is separated from the rosin by continuous steam distillation and further fractionation. Wood turpentine comes from the extraction of stumps of pine trees using naphtha, and subsequent separation of rosin and turpentine by fractional distillation. Tail-oil turpentine is a byproduct of the Kraft sulphate paper manufacture. Terpenes are isolated from the sulphate terpentine and separated from the black digestion liquor. The composition of turpentine oils depends on its source, although a-pinene and p-pinene are the major components. 

Pech-kiefer,/. pitch pine, -kohle,/. pitch coal jet. -koks, m. coke from pitch or tar. -ol, n. tar oil, oil of tar, -pflaster, n. asphalt paving. -riickstand, m. pitch residue, pechschwarz, a. pitch-black. 

P. nigra Am. European black pine Rafi and Dodd (1996)... 

Lapsang Souchong tea is a Chinese black tea flavored during firing by the use of smoky woods such as pine. These smoky teas are commonly added to blends of other black teas to create Russian Caravan blends. 

Figure 3.15. SMALDI image of a pine tree root, acquired at 262 nm wavelength. High ion intensities of potassium/calcium are coded in white, low intensities are coded in black. (Spengler and Hubert 2002.)...

In areas where pine trees are raised commercially, there may be restrictions on buying and planting black currants due to the potential for spreading white pine blister rust, a fungal disease that is passed back and forth between pine trees and some species of currants and gooseberries. Check with your university extension service before buying plants. 

Thus, tree squirrels are a major source of loss of seeds of ponderosa, Jeffrey, and sugar pine and of black oak acorns. Vertebrates, then, can have a major effect on the reproduction of these species, particularly because the gray squirrel is only one of numerous species in this forest that feed on coiner seeds and acorns. 

California black oak and white fir and less often on incense cedar in the San Bernardino Mountains. No direct effects of oxidants have been noted on the mistletoe plant itself under field conditions. The true mistletoe obtains mainly water from its host and would be indirectly affected by debilitation of die host tree. The dwarf mistletoes Arceuthobium spp.) are common on ponderosa, Jeffry, and sugar pines in the San Bernardino National Forest. They depend on their host for both water and carbohydrates. Heavily infected or broomed" branches on ponderosa or Jeffrey pines severely injured by ozone often have more annual needle whorls retained than do uninfected branches on the remainder of the tree. The needles are also greener. It can be hypothesized that the infected branch is a carbohydrate sink where a pooling of carbohydrates occurs higher carbohydrate concentrations may be instrumental in either preventing or helping to repair ozone injury to needles on the broomed branches. In the long term, stresses from mistletoe and ozone are probably additive and hasten tree death. 

Birds such as nuthatches, nutcrackers, and jays store food by buying seeds such as acorns, beechnuts, and pine seeds in the ground and find it later very well. A single Clark s nutcracker, Nucifraga columUana, buries as many as 33000 pinon seeds in up to 3750 different caches (Vander Wall, 1982). Experiments have shown that these nutcrackers use memory (Tomback, 1980), visual cues (Vander Wall, 1982), and probably little olfaction to locate buried food caches. Other birds use olfaction. Black-billed magpies, ica pica, discovered buried suet or raisins better when the cache was scented with cod liver oil (Buitron and Nuechterlein, 1985). 

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