Pines, European black

P. nigra Am. European black pine Rafi and Dodd (1996)... 

European birch,76 maple,77 Scots pine,78 maritime pine,79 slash pine,80 southern pine,81 black spruce,78 Sitka spruce,82 and white spruce83 contain the same main structural features. 

Leaves with rust-colored pustules on undersides. Cause White pine blister rust. This fungal disease is passed back and forth between white pines (or other 5-needled pines) and various species of Ribes. The disease is much more devastating to pines than to Ribes, so Ribes plantings are sometimes banned where pines are economically important. European black currants are most susceptible. Red and white currants generally are not mugh affected. Avoid planting susceptible currants near white pines. 

Recent research in 18 other hardwoods (and in pine) has shown the possibility to assess the vitality of other tree species of the Northern hemisphere in the same way as reported here for beech as an example. There are to take into account only little species-dependant modifications. This research has been finished now for Silver Birch, Pubescent Birch (ROLOFF 1989a, WESTMAN 1989), Norway maple. Sycamore, Sugar maple. Horse-chestnut, Black alder. Hornbeam, European Ash, American Beech, Scotch pine. Wild cherry. Sessile oak, English oak. False acacia. Common willow. Small-leaved lime and Large-leaved lime (ROLOFF 1989a). 

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