Carbohydrate concentration

Periodic samples were taken at the starting point after introducing the inocula, on the fust, second and thud day of each experimental ran. The optical cell density, COD, carbohydrate concentration and dissolved oxygen were monitored for various air flow rates. The COD was measured by the closed reflux colorimetric method at 600 nm with a spectrophotometer using potassium dichromate as a reducing reagent.7 All organic chemicals... 

Optical Cell Density, Ethanol and Carbohydrate Concentration... 

Tzannis and Prestrelski [144,145] showed a concentration-dependent protective effect of sucrose and residual moisture on the activity and stability of tryp-sinogen during spray-drying. They found protein protection even at low carbohydrate concentrations, but they observed some destabilization at very high sucrose concentrations. They hypothesized that phase separation occurs at high sucrose concentrations, resulting in... 

Effect of pathogens on tree carbohydrate concentration and relationship of carbohydrate concentrations to pathogen attack 24b Effect of path< ns on water uptake and transpiration 24c Relation ip between stem and root characteristics and pathogen attack 2Sa Effect of soil moisture and temperature on water uptake and transpiration 2Sb Effect of soil mineral concentration and temperature on mineral nutrition of... 

California black oak and white fir and less often on incense cedar in the San Bernardino Mountains. No direct effects of oxidants have been noted on the mistletoe plant itself under field conditions. The true mistletoe obtains mainly water from its host and would be indirectly affected by debilitation of die host tree. The dwarf mistletoes Arceuthobium spp.) are common on ponderosa, Jeffry, and sugar pines in the San Bernardino National Forest. They depend on their host for both water and carbohydrates. Heavily infected or broomed" branches on ponderosa or Jeffrey pines severely injured by ozone often have more annual needle whorls retained than do uninfected branches on the remainder of the tree. The needles are also greener. It can be hypothesized that the infected branch is a carbohydrate sink where a pooling of carbohydrates occurs higher carbohydrate concentrations may be instrumental in either preventing or helping to repair ozone injury to needles on the broomed branches. In the long term, stresses from mistletoe and ozone are probably additive and hasten tree death. 

The apparent orientation of insect stylets to the vascular bundles caused by hydrogen ion concentrations was first reported by Fife and Frampton ( ). The leafhoppers fed mainly in the phloem tissue, which had a substantially higher pH than the surrounding plant cells. Other discriminating criteria for phloem-feeding insects have been indicated, including carbohydrate concentration (10) and positive hydrostatic pressure (11). 

When proteins unfold and expose their hydrophobic regions, the interfacial tension between air and the aqueous phase is lowered facilitating deformation of the liquid into an impervious film that enhances aeration or foamability of the solution. This is affected by pH, ionic strength, and temperature, and protein, oil, and carbohydrate concentrations. Water and fat absorption involve similar physicochemical and environmental properties, and reportedly have been affected by the size of ingredient particles. 

Beauchemin, K. 1995. Optimizing structural and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations in dairy cow diets/project. In Agriculture and food industry. Agriculture Canada, Edmonton. 

Gremm, T. J., and L. A. Kaplan. 1998. Dissolved carbohydrate concentration, composition, and bioavailability to microbial heterotrophs in stream water. Acta Hydrochimica Hydro-biologica 26 167—171. 

Though plants are the predominant source of most of this material, microbial inputs are important as well (Cheshire, 1977). Carbohydrate extracts from soils and sediments probably contain only a small fraction of the total carbohydrate concentration since much of the carbohydrate content appears to be polysaccharides bound to the humic components (Lowe, 1978), and probably to clay minerals as well. Its presence is recognized by the release of simpler sugars upon hydrolysis of the sample (Greenland and Oades, 1975 Lowe, 1978). Isolated polysaccharide fractions are generally polydisperse mixtures. 

As in the situation above concerning carbohydrate concentrations, much enzymic work is carried out on well-acclimated organisms, but this means... 

Figure 16.5 Influence of carbohydrate concentration on the formation of aggregates between BSA (6.1 x l(T3mM) and oligomeric procyanidins from grape seed (O.lOmM) (in 12% aqueous ethanol, 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH5.0). [78],...

Figure 16.8 shows a typical flow nephelometric graphic involving the interactions between three substrates protein, tannin, and carbohydrate. In an initial phase there is an increase in turbidity corresponding to the stabilization of protein and tannin concentrations. The maximum value of turbidity corresponds to the TSA of the tannin solution in relation to the protein (BSA). In a second phase a gradient of increasing carbohydrate concentration is started, leading to a decrease... 

Figure 16.7 Schematic of the flow-nephelometric apparatus. The apparatus is composed of a liquid pump system that has the ability to form a gradient of carbohydrate concentration at a constant flow rate using three solutions A, eluent B, protein in A C, carbohydrate in A. This solution is brought into contact in a mixing valve with the tannin...

Figure 6.5 Gel permeation chromatogram of isoamylase-treated potato amylose on Toyopearl HW-75F. Potato amylose (50 mg in 5 ml ) was incubated at 45°C with 5.5 U of Pseudomonas isoamylase in 20 mM acetate buffer (pH 3.5) for 2.5 h. An aliquot (1 ml.) was applied to the column — and , carbohydrate concentration and beta-amylolysis limit, respectively, of the isoamylase-treated amylose ., carbohydrate...

The composition of the fermentation medium is important to the yields of protease. Proteins of many different sources are used in commercial media. Carbohydrates are used as an energy source. The C/N ratio is important to the success of the process. Protein should be present in high concentration, and carbohydrate must not be in excess. A convenient way of obtaining this is to conduct fed-batch fermentation, feeding carbohydrate during the run and maintaining the carbohydrate concentration below 1 percent. Continuous fermentation of protease on a commercial scale is not yet known. 

Carbohydrate Concentration (mg/mL) Inhibition GlcA (%) Inhibition GlcA-Rha (%)... 

In principle it is possible to calculate molecular weights for cyclic compounds by measuring their concentrations in equilibrated mixtures of widely varying total carbohydrate concentrations. As yet this method has not been aplied to the Schardinger dextrins. 

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