Cache, food

In coyotes, C. latrans, SQTJ by females is associated with acquisition and possession of food, and the denning season (Wells and Bekoff, 1981). Red foxes, Y. vulpes, urine mark a buried food cache at each visit the more depleted it is, the more urine odor has accumulated, amounting to book-keeping (Henry, 1980). Foxes urine mark inedible food remains on repeated visits. This no-food-left signal, in turn, decreases the foxes interest, and they investigate the site very little (Henry, 1980). Here, an animal may chemo-communicate with itself about food. Wolves, C. lupus, also urine mark their food caches (Harrington, 1981). 

Canada, have been observed to feed on Labrador tea and store it in their food caches (Gunson, 1970). Storing in water may make Labrador tea more palatable. 

Animals that bury acorns and other seeds as winter cache may also practice food processing, tannins being lost during the weeks in the moist soil. This... 

Beavers, C. canadensis store branches for weeks and months in the water as winter food caches. They also soak logs and sticks of less-palatable trees in their pond, often for 2-3 days, before they eat them (Fig. 11.24). Field and laboratory experiments suggest that in this way undesirable compounds leach out from the bark (Muller-Schwarze etal, 2001). 

Birds such as nuthatches, nutcrackers, and jays store food by buying seeds such as acorns, beechnuts, and pine seeds in the ground and find it later very well. A single Clark s nutcracker, Nucifraga columUana, buries as many as 33000 pinon seeds in up to 3750 different caches (Vander Wall, 1982). Experiments have shown that these nutcrackers use memory (Tomback, 1980), visual cues (Vander Wall, 1982), and probably little olfaction to locate buried food caches. Other birds use olfaction. Black-billed magpies, ica pica, discovered buried suet or raisins better when the cache was scented with cod liver oil (Buitron and Nuechterlein, 1985). 

Buitron, D. and Nuechterlein, G. L. (1985). Olfactoiy detection of food caches by blackbilled magpies. Condors , 92-95. 

Ferreira V, Ortin A, Escudero A, Lopez R, Cache J (2002) J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 4048 Guth H (1997) J. Agric. Food Chem. 45 3027... 

Squirrels, but also birds such as jays, bury acorns in the ground to cache them as winter food. By this behavior, they also disperse the acorns and start the germination process by exposing the acorns to soil moisture. Burying protects acorns from surface-feeding competitors such as deer, ruffed grouse, and turkeys. It also prevents other squirrels from pilfering the stores, provided the owner remembers where he had buried the seeds, and other squirrels are not attracted by the odor of the buried seeds. 

Lansing s City Market (333 N. Cedar St., e 517-483-4300) is one of the best in Michigan. On Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays vendors sell fruit and vegetables, as well as prepared foods. Tables are set up indoors and there are benches at a picnic area near the river, for those who d like to sample their cache right away. 

Amundsen sailed directly to the Bay of Whales along the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf and set up a base camp in January of 1911 about three kilometers inland of the ice edge. His camp consisted of the hut Framheim and of several tents. He and his companions had all traveled extensively in the Arctic and were skilled dog handlers. They went to work immediately laying a series of caches of food and fuel across the Ross Ice Shelf. Even before the end of the Winter on September 8, 1911, Amundsen tried to get an early start, but he was forced to return to Framheim by the extremely cold and windy weather. 

Wyatt Formation which was intruded by small plutons of Granite Harbor Intrusives (Fig. 6.7). A cache of food and miscellaneous equipment was left at the Amundsen Glacier camp that was occupied during the 1963/64 field season. Excerpt of the topographic map SVl-lQ/10 8-8600-15,000/1 x 15 (Nilsen Hateau, Antarctica) of the US Geological Survey, Washington, DC... 

Quink et al. (1970) used Sc-labeled white pine seeds (Pinus strobus) to locate successfully the seed caches of small mammals. They used a procedure similar to that of Lawrence and Rediske (1962). Mathies (1972) used o- and Cs-labeled pine seeds to study food consumption of pine seeds by small mammals in an oak-hickory forest. 

Response to food can be used as an indirect measure of prey response to predator scents. Stimuli can be placed either directly on the food or in close proximity to the food. For example, choice-tests were used to assess the avoidance of lion fecal odors by rabbits (Boag Mlotkiewicz 1994) and deer (Abbot et al. 1990). In both cases, subjects were offered a choice between treated and untreated pelleted food and relative intake was taken to reflect avoidance. Likewise, arena tests have been used to demonstrate that domestic livestock will investigate but reduce their ingestion of feed in the presence of predator odors (Pfister et al. 1990). Odors also can be applied to natural forage to assess whether target species avoid the treated plants (Sullivan et al. 1988 Calder Gorman 1991). Epple et al. (1995) monitored caching behavior to assess the response of mountain beaver to food resources associated with predator odors. 

---