Collective protection

Collective protection enclosures are required for groups of personnel. Such enclosures must be airtight to prevent inward seepage of contamination. They can be independent units or can be formed by adequately treating the interior walls of stmctures, tents, airplanes, or vehicles. A supply of uncontaminated air, provided by passing ambient air through high efficiency aerosol and carbon filters, must be provided. 

All input parameters, scenario definitions and results are stored in a database for easy access and retrieval. Analysis of individual scenario results and statistical analysis over all scenarios (or any subset) is possible. Typical individual scenario results are deposition, dosage and casualty level on the attacked target. Typical statistical analysis results are dosage and deposition threat spectra, and casualty spectra. The casualty levels and spectra can be obtained for various health effect levels (eye effect, incapacitation, lethal) and protection levels (no protection, suit only, mask only, mask and suit, collective protection). This model thus largely eliminates the subjectivity involved in scenario studies, protective and detector equipment procurement. 

The toxic effects model translates the exposure profiles into casualty probabilities for the personnel, assuming a probabilistic dose-effect relationship. The casualty levels and spectra can be obtained for various type of health effects, e.g. eye effects, inhalation, percutane, subdivided in two levels (incapacitating and lethal), and various protection levels, e.g. no protection, suit only, mask only, mask and suit, and collective protection. Table 1 gives a typical result for one scenario. In case no protection is used, 63% of the population dies due to inhalation of sarin and 25% dies due to percutaneous exposure. Clearly, when both mask and suit are worn, the casualty levels are dropping drastically. 

Accumulate the necessary amount of facilities for individual and collective protection of the workers and the people which live in areas of possible chemical damage. 

O. van Tellingen, T. Buckle, J.W. Jonker, M.A. van der Valk, and J.H. Beijnen. P-glycoprotein and Mrpl collectively protect the bone marrow from vincristine-induced toxicity in vivo. Br J Cancer. 89 1776-1782 (2003). 

Personal and collective protection measures. Research is required to determine how to use new materials and methods to develop protective clothing, new drags and vaccines, and infrastructure protection (air filters, stronger construction materials, decontaminants). 

K. M. Nikolaev, Facilities of Individual and Collective Protection (Military Academy of Chemical Protection, Moscow, 1976). 

Advice to naval leadership on the chemical warfare (CW) and biological warfare (BW) threat can be traced to the Cold War period. As the Navy undertook a major force buildup in the early 1980s, a memorandum from committee member Joshua Lederberg to the CNO, Admiral James Watkins, USN, was instrumental in precipitating the decision to equip some new vessels with collective protection capabilities and improved chemical weapons detectors.1... 

At the very least, given the drop in readiness over the past decade, it is recommended that the Chief of Naval Operations direct increased attention to the upkeep and maintenance of installed Collective Protection Systems (CPS) and countermeasure washdown systems. The assistance of the president of the Navy s Board of Inspection and Survey should be solicited in this effort. 

The Non-Medical Science and Technology part of the Joint CBD Program is organized in five commodity areas contamination avoidance, individual protection, collective protection, decontamination, and modeling and simulation.1 The wide range of activities in each of these commodity areas is indicated in Figure 4.1 the commodity areas are further described later in this chapter and in Appendix C. 

The decontamination story is multifaceted, as evident in the preceding discussion, but capabilities sorely lag those in the areas of contamination avoidance and individual and collective protection. Recapping the findings noted in the discussion above ... 

Commodity Areas Individual Protection and Collective Protection... 

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