Phosphates and mineralization

A linear relationship between isotropic 2H chemical shift (6H) and 0---0 distance (r0...o) has also been established [77] for several metal phosphates and minerals. Similarly, for carboxylic acid protons, SH has been shown [78] to depend linearly on r0...0, and for several trihydrogen selenites, SH was shown [79] to correlate linearly with r0...0 and rH...0 distances. 

Raboy, V, 1997, Accumulation and storage of phosphate and minerals. In Larkins, B.A., Vasil, I.K. (eds.), Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plant Seed Development. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Netherlands, pp. 441-477. 

Whedon GD (1980) Recent advances in management of osteoporosis. In Massry SG, Ritz E, Jahn H, eds. Phosphate and Mineral in Health and Disease, pp. 600-613. Plenum Press New York. Whitfield JF (1991) Calcium, switches, cell cycles, differentiation and death. In Lipkin M, Newmark G, KellofF G, eds. Calcium, vitamin D and prevention of colon cancer. CRC Press Boston. Whitfield JF (1997) Calcium cell cycle driver, differentiator and killer. Chapman Hall New York. WiRSCHiNG F (2002) Calcium Sulfate. In Ull-manris Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6th completely revised edition, Vol. 6, pp. 89-122. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co KGaA Weinheim, Germany. 

The earliest studies of this kind seem to be those of Cooper (1935) and Von Brand et al. (1937). The amount of phytoplankton, zooplankton or mixed plankton they incubated in experimental bottles filled with water almost corresponded to that of organic P and N in the sea. The experiments ware carried out under dark, aerobic conditions for periods of 3—5 weeks, the temperature being 15—19°C and 20—25°C, respectively. The amounts of phosphates and mineral nitrogenous compounds accumulated exceeded the oi anic P and N supplied by the zooplankton. The authors attributed this to partial mineralisation of dissolved OM of sea water. The feet is of... 

A slurry is a mixture of a liquid and solid particles. The term sludge typically refers to a highly concentrated slurry containing fine particulate material. Each year, vast tonnages of slurries are pumped. Slurries are often used to transport coal, phosphates and minerals. Dredging of sand and silt in the maintenance of waterways is another example of sohds handled in slurry form. In most slurries, the liquid phase is water. However, coal-oil and coal-methanol fuels are examples of slurries made up with liquids other than water. 

The routes by which mineral phosphates are processed into finished fertilizers are outlined in Eigure 7. World and U.S. trends in the types of products produced are shown in Eigures 8 and 9, respectively. Most notable in both instances is the large, steady increase in the importance of monoammonium and diammonium phosphates as finished phosphate fertilizers at the expense of ordinary superphosphate, and to some extent at the expense of triple superphosphate. In the United States, about 65% of the total phosphate appHed is now in the form of granular ammonium phosphates, and additional amounts of ammonium phosphates are appHed as integral parts of granulated mixtures and fluid fertilizers. 

Calcium. Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the earth s cmst. There is no foreseeable lack of this resource as it is virtually unlimited. Primary sources of calcium are lime materials and gypsum, generally classified as soil amendments (see Calcium compounds). Among the more important calcium amendments are blast furnace slag, calcitic limestone, gypsum, hydrated lime, and precipitated lime. Fertilizers that carry calcium are calcium cyanamide, calcium nitrate, phosphate rock, and superphosphates. In addition, there are several organic carriers of calcium. Calcium is widely distributed in nature as calcium carbonate, chalk, marble, gypsum, fluorspar, phosphate rock, and other rocks and minerals. 

Flotation or froth flotation is a physicochemical property-based separation process. It is widely utilised in the area of mineral processing also known as ore dressing and mineral beneftciation for mineral concentration. In addition to the mining and metallurgical industries, flotation also finds appHcations in sewage treatment, water purification, bitumen recovery from tar sands, and coal desulfurization. Nearly one biUion tons of ore are treated by this process aimuaHy in the world. Phosphate rock, precious metals, lead, zinc, copper, molybdenum, and tin-containing ores as well as coal are treated routinely by this process some flotation plants treat 200,000 tons of ore per day (see Mineral recovery and processing). Various aspects of flotation theory and practice have been treated in books and reviews (1 9). 

Other Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids. Phosphate and more recently polyol esters are marketed as fire-resistant compounds. They are formulated with additives to control wear, oxidation, corrosion, and misting. Seal compatibdity and solvency characteristics of these fluids may be quite different from those of mineral ods. 

Cobalt(II) phosphate octahydrate [10294-50-5], Co2(P0272 8H20, is a red to purple amorphous powder. The product is obtained by reaction of an alkaline phosphate and solutions of cobalt salts. The material is insoluble in water or alkaU, but dissolves in mineral acids. The phosphate is used in glazes, enamels, pigments (qv) and plastic resins, and in certain steel (qv) phosphating operations (see Enamels,PORCELAIN ORVITREOUS). 

There are over 100 minerals known to contain lanthanides but the only two of commercial importance are monazite, a mixed La, Th, Ln phosphate, and bastnaesite, an La, Ln fluorocarbonate (M C03F). Monazite is widely but sparsely distributed in many rocks but, because of its high density and inertness, it is concentrated by weathering into sands on beaches and river beds, often in the presence of other... 

Nitrogen sources include proteins, such as casein, zein, lactalbumin protein hydrolyzates such proteoses, peptones, peptides, and commercially available materials, such as N-Z Amine which is understood to be a casein hydrolyzate also corn steep liquor, soybean meal, gluten, cottonseed meal, fish meal, meat extracts, stick liquor, liver cake, yeast extracts and distillers solubles amino acids, urea, ammonium and nitrate salts. Such inorganic elements as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium and chlorides, sulfates, phosphates and combinations of these anions and cations in the form of mineral salts may be advantageously used in the fermentation. 

Ceramics and minerals present many common problems, but ceramics warrant special treatment because elements of low atomic number predominate in them and they consequently offer x-ray emission spectrog-raphy of the light elements an excellent opportunity to prove its usefulness. Scott,8 in making this clear, emphasized the absorption and enhancement effects to be expected, and pointed out the need for careful sample preparation. By use of a General Electric XRD-5 spectrograph and associated equipment, he set up working curves for alumina, silica, potash, lime, phosphate, titania, and iron oxide in clays, refractories, and other ceramic materials. 

Bone Resorption The removal of mineralised bone by osteoclasts. Bone resorption, which is part of the bone remodelling process, includes the release of mineral (mostly calcium and phosphate) and subsequent proteolysis of organic matter (mostly collagen). 

Chitosan scaffolds were reinforced with beta-tricalciiun phosphate and calcium phosphate invert glass [177]. Along the same line, composites of Loligo beta-chitin with octacalcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite were prepared by precipitation of the mineral into a chitin scaffold by means of a double diffusion system. The octacalciiun phosphate crystals with the usual form of 001 blades grew inside chitin layers preferentially oriented with the 100 faces parallel to the surface of the squid pen and were more stable to hy-... 

Inorganic reactions in the soil interstitial waters also influence dissolved P concentrations. These reactions include the dissolution or precipitation of P-containing minerals or the adsorption and desorption of P onto and from mineral surfaces. As discussed above, the inorganic reactivity of phosphate is strongly dependent on pH. In alkaline systems, apatite solubility should limit groundwater phosphate whereas in acidic soils, aluminum phosphates should dominate. Adsorption of phosphate onto mineral surfaces, such as iron or aluminum oxyhydroxides and clays, is favored by low solution pH and may influence soil interstitial water concentrations. Phosphorus will be exchanged between organic materials, soil inter-... 

Nriagu, J. O. (1976). Phosphate-clay mineral relations in soils and sediments. Can.. Earth Sci. 13,717-736. 

Minerals often contain more than one cation or anion. For example, apatite, Caj ( 04)3 F, contains both phosphate and fluoride anions. Beryl, Bc3 AI2 Sig Oig, contains beryllium and aluminum cations as well as the Sig Oig polyatomic anion. An even more complicated example is gamierite, (Ni,Mg)e Si4 0io(OH)2,... 

Nearly all transition metals are oxidized readily, so most ores are compounds in which the metals have positive oxidation numbers. Examples include oxides (Ti02, mtile Fc2 O3, hematite C112 O, cuprite), sulfides (ZnS, sphalerite M0S2, molybdenite), phosphates (CeP04, monazite YPO4, xenotime both found mixed with other rare earth metal phosphates), and carbonates (FeC03, siderite). Other minerals contain oxoanions (MnW04, wolframite) and even more complex stmctures such as camotite, K2 (002)2 ( 4)2 2 O ... 

Adsorption. The adsorption of the components of a vaccine on to a mineral adjuvant. The mineral adjuvants, or carriers, most often used are aluminium lydroxide, aluminium phosphate and calcium phosphate and their effect is to increase the immunogenieity and decrease the toxicity, local and systemic, of a vaccine. Diphtheria vaccine, tetanus vaccine, diphtheria/tetanus vaccine and diphtheriaAetanus/pertussis vaccine are generally prepared as adsorbed vaccines. 

This was previously used as a herbicide, and attention has been directed to its degradation in storage areas or where it has been spilled. A strain of Clostridium bifermentans KMR-1 (that is protected by a U.S. patent) was unable to use dinoseb as carbon or energy source. In the presence of a starch extract, however, a low level of transformation was observed, and the products could subsequently be mineralized by aerobic bacteria (Hammill and Crawford 1996). These observations have been extended to the remediation of soil slurries from a contaminated site by adding phosphate and starch waste that achieved anaerobic conditions, and inoculation with a culture from a pilot-scale... 

R. F. Chanshev, S. V. Kovtunenko, F. D. Tsikunkov, R. A. Ismakov, G. V. Konesev, and R. A. Mul5mkov. Lubricant for cutter bit bearings— contains ethylene-propylene synthetic rubber, zinc dioctyl-phenyl dithio-phosphate, polytetrafluoroethylene and mineral oil. Patent SU 1778162-A, 1992. 

In the previous paragraph, it has been stated that minerals have the same structure but different compositions (phenomenon of isomorphism of minerals) while some minerals have the same composition but different structures (phenomenon of polymorphism of minerals). Mineral composition and structure are both important in studying and classifying minerals. The major class of minerals - based on composition and structure - include elements, sulfides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, oxides, phosphates, and silicates. The silicate class is especially important, because silicon makes up 95% of the minerals, by volume, in the Earth s crust. Mineral classes are divided into families on the basis of the chemicals in each mineral. Families, in turn, are made of groups of minerals that have a similar structure. Groups are further divided into species. 

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