Clostridium bifermentans

Chang YC, M Hatsu, K Jung, YS Yoo, K Takamizawa (2000) Isolation and characterization of a tetrachloro-ethylene dechlorinating bacterium, Clostridium bifermentans DPH-1. J Biosci Bioeng 89 489-491. 

Clostridium bifermentans reduced 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene to 2,4,6-triaminotoluene, and a metabolite was formed by reaction of one of the amino groups with methylglyoxal (Lewis et al. 1996). 

Lewis TA, S Goszczynski, RL Crawford, RA Korns, W Adamassn (1996) Prodncts of anaerobic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) transformation by Clostridium bifermentans. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 4669-4674. 

This was previously used as a herbicide, and attention has been directed to its degradation in storage areas or where it has been spilled. A strain of Clostridium bifermentans KMR-1 (that is protected by a U.S. patent) was unable to use dinoseb as carbon or energy source. In the presence of a starch extract, however, a low level of transformation was observed, and the products could subsequently be mineralized by aerobic bacteria (Hammill and Crawford 1996). These observations have been extended to the remediation of soil slurries from a contaminated site by adding phosphate and starch waste that achieved anaerobic conditions, and inoculation with a culture from a pilot-scale... 

Hammill TB, RL Crawford (1996) Degradation of 2-5ec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (Dinoseb) by Clostridium bifermentans KMSM. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 1842-1846. 

Partial reduction by Clostridia has been demonstrated and has already been discussed in Chapter 9, Part 5. The effectiveness of Clostridia in the anaerobic digestion of a number of nitroaromatics has prompted development of a procedure for the production of spores of Clostridium bifermentans, and a medium for their effective production has been developed (Sembries and Crawford 1997). 

Reid KA, JTG Hamilton, RD Bowden, D O Hagan, L Dasaradhi, MR Amin, DB Harper (1995) Biosynthesis of fluorinated secondary metabolites by Streptomyces cattleya. Microbiology (UK) 141 1385-1393. Sembries S, RL Crawford (1997) Production of Clostridium bifermentans spores as inoculum for bioremediation of nitroaromatic contaminants. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 2100-2104. 

Joe MH, Lim SY, Kim DH, Lee IS (2008) Decolorization of reactive dyes by Clostridium bifermentans SL186 isolated from contaminated soil. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 24 2221-2226... 

Lewis, T.A., S. Goszczynski, R.L. Crawford, R.A. Korns, and W. Admassu, 1996. Products of anaerobic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene TNT transformation by Clostridium bifermentans. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62 4669-6774. 

Sembries, S. and R.L. Crawford. 1997. Production of Clostridium bifermentans spores as inoculum for bioremediation of nitroaromatic contaminants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63 2100-2104. 

Zhao J-S et al., Metabolism of hexahydro-l,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazine through initial reduction to hexahydro-l-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-l,3,5-triazine followed by denitration in Clostridium bifermentans HAW-1, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 63, 187, 2003. 

Among these different biopesticides, bacterial biopesticides are the most intensively studied and widely used. Several insect pathogenic bacteria are known to produce proteins toxic to certain insects. Bacillus thurin ensis (Bt) is the most well-known bacterium for its potent insecticidal proteins. These proteins are highly specific to certain orders of insects. Insects sensitive to Bt include those of Coleoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera. Bacillus sphaericus and Clostridium bifermentans are known for their mosquitocidal proteins. Paenibadllus popilliae produces a scarab active toxin structurally similar to common insecticidal proteins... 

Bacillus anthracis Bordetella pertussis Clostridium bifermentans Clostridium botulinum Clostridium fallax Clostridium histolyticum Clostridium oedematiens Clostridium septicum Clostridium welchii (perfringens) Corynebacterium diphtheriae Flavobacterium meningosepticum Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae... 

Myszka K, Leja K, Olejnik-Schmidt AK, Czaczyk K. (2012). Isolation process of industrially useful Clostridium bifermentans from natural samples. J Biosci Bioeng, 113, 631-633. 

Clostridium bifermentans Citrus Valencia leaf Yang et al. (2001)... 

Isovaleric acid is mainly used for perfumery production and within intensive-care medicine. Valerian is a natural source of isovaleric acid which can be extracted. Mainly, proteolytic bacteria can produce different carboxylic acids during the protein degradation. Several members of the family Clostridiae are proficient to use the Stickland fermentation, for example, Clostridium bifermentans, C. sporogenes and C. acetobutylicum (Brooks and Epps 1958). 

Clostridium bifermentans is able to produce a broad range of metabolites such as butyric, acetic and formic acids (Wu and Yang 2003), ethanol, butanol, aceton (Khanal 2003), carbon dioxide, hydrogen and nitrogen (Levin et al. 2006). However, the metabolic pathway of C. bifermentans has not been investigated in detail so far (Leja et al. 2013). 

Table 12 Characteristics of Clostridium bifermentans obligat anaerobes...

Leja K, Myszka K, Czaczyk K (2013) The ability of Clostridium bifermentans strains to lactic acid biosynthesis in various environmental conditions. Springerplus 2(1) 44. doi 10.1186/2193-1801-2-44... 

Barjac, H. de, M. Sebald, J. Charles, W.H. Cheong, and H.L. Lee. 1990. Clostridium bifermentans serovar Malaysia une nouvelle bacterie anaerobie pathogene des larves de moustiques et de simulies. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris 310 383-387. 

Roggentin, P., Gutschker-Gdaniec, G., Schauer, R., and Hobrecht, R., 1985, Correlative properties for a differentiation of two Clostridium sordellii phenotypes and their distinction from Clostridium bifermentans, Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. A 260 319-328. 

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