Phosphates uptake

A second mechanism of acquired resistance to fosfomycin involves chromosomal mutations in sugar phosphate uptake pathways which are responsible for transporting fosfomycin into the cell. The alterations decrease accumulation of the antibiotic to levels below those required for inhibition. 

R. B. Jackson and M. M. Caldwell, Integrating resource heterogeneity and plant plasticity modelling nitrate and phosphate uptake in a patchy soil environment. J. Ecol. 84 891 (1996). 

As stated earlier, mycorrhizae enhance nutrient absorption. Greater soil exploitation by mycorrhizal roots as a means of increasing phosphate uptake is well established. The normal phosphate depletion zone around non-mycorrhizal roots is 1-2 mm, but an endomycorrhizal root symbiont increased this zone to 7 cm (140). This ability to increase the nutritional level (particularly with regard to phosphorus), and subsequently the overall better growth dynamics of the mycorrhizal plant has been suggested as the reason for the salt (43) and drought (44-46) tolerance and increased nodulation (47) observed in mycorrhizal associations. Another interesting aspect of this enhanced nutrient uptake is the possible effect of mycorrhizae on competitive ability between two plant species. Under some conditions, mycorrhizal... 

Atkinson, M. J. and Bilger, R. W. (1992). Effects of water velocity on phosphate-uptake in coral reef-flat communities, Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 273-279. 

Mierle, G. (1985). Kinetics of phosphate transport by Synchococcus leopoliensis (Cyanophyta) evidence for diffusion limitation of phosphate uptake, J. Phycol., 21, 177-185. 

Glass ADM. 1973. Influence of phenolic acids on ion uptake. J. Inhibition of phosphate uptake. Plant Physiology 51 1037-1041. 

The aim of this work is to study the incorporation of cadmium and phosphate in the three calcium sulfate modifications. The uptake of other metal ions in AH will also be described. Kinetic effects of operating conditions such as the residence time, sulfuric acid and phosphate concentration upon the phosphate and cadmium uptake has been investigated. In addition the influence of a growth retarding impurity, AIF3, on the cadmium and phosphate uptake will be given. 

Figure 2 Phosphate uptake in DH, cijistallized from 3.5. M H3PO., vs. sulfote content of solution with residence times horn 1200 (circles) to 3600 s, at 60 C (drdes) or 70 C...

Phosphate and cadmium uptake in AH. The D for phosphate uptake in AH is about 10", which is ten times higher than for HH, and ec[ual to DH. This can only be explained from the difference in crystal strucure between HH and AH, since the... 

Zhang, X. Zhang, F. Mao, D. (1999) Effect of iron plaque outside roots on nutrient uptake by rice Oryza sativa L.) Phosphate uptake. Plant and Soil 209 187-192 Zhang,Y Charlet, L. Schindler, P.W. (1992) Adsorption of protons, Fe(II) and Al(IIl) on lepidocrocite (y-FeOOH). Colloids Surfaces 63 259-268... 

The idea that enzymes whose normal substrate is orthophosphate can use arsenate in its place, and that the esters of arsenate formed are rapidly hydrolyzed, was given by Braunstein (16) in 1931, to explain the effects of arsenate on glycolysis. This idea was formulated more precisely for glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase in 1939. This enzyme, E—SH, normally oxidizes its aldehyde substrate with phosphate uptake to give an acyl phosphate, as follows ... 

A lay period in the uptake of calcium and phosphate was previously seen in the mineralization in vitro of human aortic tissue338. The lay period found with the elastin samples appears in the result of the early stages of the mineralization process, and involves the formation of nuclei for HA crystal growth. Once a microcrystal of HA is present, the rate of calcium and phosphate uptake will increase markedly,... 

Treatments of diseases such as osteoporosis, rickets and osteomalacia, in which there is a disturbance of phosphate levels, is complicated by the interdependence of calcium metabolism. This topic has recently been discussed in relation to clinical medicine21. There is the further difficulty that absorption of phosphate from the bowel can be decreased in the presence of calcium or aluminium salts because of the formation of their insoluble phosphates. Uptake of phosphate by bone is exploited in the treatment of polycythaemia vera by intravenous injection of 32P as sodium phosphate. The resulting irradiation of the neighbouring red bone marrow diminishes the production of red cells. 

Burkholder, J. M., R. G. Wetzel, and K. L. Klomparens. 1990. Direct comparison of phosphate uptake by adnate and loosely attached microalgae within an intact biofilm matrix. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56 2882-2890. 

It is interesting to note that the uptake patterns found for Mn2+ on the surface of calcite are similar to those observed for orthophosphate uptake on calcite. Stumm and Leckie (1970) observed a three-stage process for phosphate uptake on calcite surfaces from dilute solutions, representing adsorption, nucleation, and apatite growth. However, deKanel and Morse (1978) found a two-stage pattern of phosphate uptake on calcite from seawater, with an initial rapid adsorption phase followed by slow but steady uptake. 

Raymond JR, Albers FJ, Middleton JP, et al. 5-HT1A and histamine H, receptors in HeLa cells stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis and phosphate uptake via distinct G protein pools. J Biol Chem 1991 266 372-379. 

Lever, J.E., Clingan, D., Jimenez de Asua, L. (1976). Prostaglandin F2alpha and insulin stimulate phosphate uptake and (Na+, K+) ATPase activity in resting mouse fibroblast cultures. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 71, 136-142. 

Uncouplers. Uncouplers dissociate electron transport from photophosphorylation. Both noncyclic and cyclic phosphorylation are inhibited, but electron transport reactions are either unaffected or stimulated. Because uncouplers relieve the inhibition of electron transport imposed by energy transfer inhibitors, they are considered to act at a site closer to the electron transport chain than the site of phosphate uptake. In Figure 2, they are shown (site 2) as dissipating some form of conserved energy represented as on the noncyclic and cyclic ATP-gener-ating pathways. Perfluidone is the only herbicide identified to date that functions as a pure uncoupler at pH 8.0 (2). Compounds that uncouple photophosphorylation also uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. 

The increase in PolyP level in yeast may be due to phosphate uptake stimulation. Cells of Candida humicola demonstrated a 4.5-fold increase in phosphate uptake from the medium and accumulated 10-fold more PolyP during growth at pH 5.5, when compared with growth at pH 7.5 (McGrath and Quinn, 2000). Further details on PolyP accumulation and utilization in eukaryotes are given in Chapter 8. 

V. Bajaj, S. P. Damle and P. S. Krishnan (1954). Phosphate metabolism of mold spores. I. Phosphate uptake by the spores of Aspergillus niger. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 50, 451 460. 

C. D. Boswell, R. E. Dick, H. Eccles and L. E. Macaskie (2001). Phosphate uptake and release by Acinetobacter johnsonii in continuous culture and coupling of phosphate release to heavy metal... 

G. Falkner, E Wagner, J. V. Small and R. Falkner (1995). Influence of fluctuating phosphate supply on the regulation of phosphate uptake by the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. J. Phycol., 31, 745-753. 

G.-Y. Rhee (1973). A continuous culture study of phosphate uptake, growth rate and polyphosphate in Scenedesmus sp. J. Phycol., 9, 459-506. 

I. Sundberg and M. Nilshammer-Holmvall (1975). The diurnal variation in phosphate uptake and ATP level in relation to deposition of starch, lipid and polyphosphate in synchronized cells of... 

M. Watanabe, T. Takamatsu, K. Kohata and M. Kunugi (1989). Luxury phosphate uptake and variation of intracellular metal concentration in Heterosigma akashiro (Raphidophyceae). J. Phycol., 25,428-436. 

Siegel, L. S., and Phibbs, P. V. 1979. Glycerol and L-a-glycerol-3-phosphate uptake in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Curr. Microbiol.,2, 251-256. 

Nalewajko, C. and B. Paul. 1985. Effects of manipulations of aluminum concentrations and pH on phosphate uptake and photosynthesis of planktonic communities in two precambrian shield lakes. Can. J. FishAquat. Sci. 42 1946-1953. 

Rhodes, L. H. Gerdemaim, J. W. (1975). Phosphate uptake zones of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal onions. New Phytologist, 75, 555-61. 

Fu, P. X., Zhang, Y., BeU, P. R. F., and Hutchins, D. A. (2005). Phosphate uptake and growth kinetics of Trichodesmium (cyanobacterium) isolates from the North Atlantic Ocean and the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. J. Phycol. 41, 62-73. 

McGlathery, K.J., Marino, R., and Howarth, R. W. (1994). Variable rates of phosphate uptake by shallow marine carbonate sediments Mechanisms and ecological significance. Biogeochemistry 25, 127—146. 

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