Metal concentrations, intracellular

Bordin, G., J. McCourt, and A. Rodriguez. 1994. Trace metals in the marine bivalve Macoma balthica in the Westerschelde estuary, the Netherlands. Part 2 intracellular partitioning of copper, cadmium, zinc and iron — variations of the cytoplasmic metal concentrations in natural and in vitro contaminated clams. Sci. Total Environ. 151 113-124. 

It is generally considered dial aldosterone, and to some extent the other honnnnes. have a regulatory effect upon the metabolism of electrolytes and water, particularly upon the concentration of the ions of the alkali metals in intracellular lluids. Administration of steroids also increases the concentration of calcium ions in those fluids. However, all three of these hormones have a number of other effects, roughly in the order of potency—cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone. They produce changes in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. 

M. Watanabe, T. Takamatsu, K. Kohata and M. Kunugi (1989). Luxury phosphate uptake and variation of intracellular metal concentration in Heterosigma akashiro (Raphidophyceae). J. Phycol., 25,428-436. 

Table 1 Environmental and intracellular metal concentrations and select biological functions for essential metals ...

While Davis and his colleagues illustrated the significance of soil metal speciation in risk assessment, Morrison et al. (1989) pointed out that the toxicity of metals is related to the forms in which they exist in the aqueous phase. This is because the interaction of metals with intracellular compartments is highly dependent on chemical speciation. Some species may be able to bind chemically with extracellular proteins and other biological molecules, some may adsorb onto cell walls, and others may diffuse through cell membranes. Consequently, toxicity is more related to the concentrations of metals in a particular species, than to the total concentrations. Geochemical modeling... 

Other metals such as calcium and iron are tightly controlled with respect to subcellular localization and intracellular metal concentrations at various stages of the cell cycle. In the absence of detailed information on the cell biology of zinc (Vallee and Falchuk 1993), it is likely that a similar level of control is required. 

Electron X-ray Microprobe. X-ray microprobe measurements have been used to identify regions of relatively high metal concentrations at the cellular and intracellular level. For example, electron x-ray microprobes have been employed to identify lead-rich cytosolic and nuclear inclusion bodies in rat renal tubule cells following elevated exposures to lead (Fowler et al. 1980 Osfcarsson and Johansson 1987). 

Probes based on macrocyclic amines include dansylamidoethylcyclen, which can detect zinc at sub-nanomolar concentrations and probes containing xanthene as the chromophore with an ideal wavelength range for intracellular studies.953,962 It is also important that the sensors can differentiate between the alkali metals, which are present at higher concentrations, and zinc. 2, 7-dichlorofluorescein-based sensors have been used in biological systems and reveal concentrations up to ca. 0.3 mM in hippocampal nerve synaptic vesicles.963... 

Metallic nanoparticles have been synthesized in vivo using plants. Intracellular synthesis of gold nanopartides was demonstrated using the sweet desert willow (Chilopsis linearis) plant [95]. The average size of Au nanopartides formed in various tissues was dependent on the concentration of Au in the respective tissues. Haver-kamp et al. [96] synthesized a gold-silver-copper alloy in vivo using the Brasskajuncea plant. 

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