Anxiety related behaviour

Wilson, J, Watson, WP and Little, HJ (1998) CCK(B) antagonists protect against anxiety-related behaviour produce by ethanol withdrawal, measured using the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology 137 121-131. 

Other effects of enrichment are perhaps biologically relevant but nevertheless undesired in captivity. These include displacement and anxiety related behaviours in lemurs exposed to conspecific faeces (McCusker and Smith 2002), and stress and jumpiness in tapirs exposed to jaguar urine (Calderisi 2005). Small amounts of stress are considered beneficial for animals (Breazile 1987 Moodie and Chamove 1990), but whilst these results are interesting and highlight a degree of apparent olfactory awareness, it is questionable whether the stress induced can be perceived as enriching. 

McLachlan, C.S., Yi Xing Soh, C. (2005) Differences in anxiety-related behaviour between apolipoprotein E-deficient C57BL/6 and wild type C57BL/6 mice. Physiol. Res., 54, 701-704. 

Costall, B., Domeney, A.M., Gerrard, P.A., et al. (1990) Effects of captopiil and SQ29,852 on anxiety-related behaviours in rodent and marmoset. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 36, 13-20. 

Griebel G, Belzimg C, Perrault G, Sanger DJ (2000) Differences in anxiety-related behaviours and in sensitivity to diazepam in inbred and outbred strains in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 148 164-170... 

Henniger MSH, Ohl F, HOlter SM, Weifienbacher P, Toschi N, Lorscher P, Wigger A, Spanagel R, Landgraf R (2000) Unconditioned anxiety and social behaviour in two rat lines selectively bred for high and low anxiety-related behaviour. Behav Brain Res 111 153-163... 

Landgraf R, Wigger A, Holsboer F, Neumann ID (1999) Hyper-reactive hypothalamo-pituitary adrenocortical axis in rats bred for high anxiety-related behaviour. J Neu-roendocrinol 11 405-407... 

Liebsch G, Wotjak CT, Landgraf R, Engelmann M (1996) Septal vasopressin modulates anxiety-related behaviour in rats. Neurosci Lett 217 101-104... 

Muller MB, Zimmermann S, SiUaber I, Hagemeyer TP, Deussing JM, Timpl P, et al (2003) Limbic corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 mediates anxiety-related behaviour and is required for hormonal adaptation to stress. Nat Neimosci 6 1100-1107 MuUer U (1999) Ten years of gene targeting targeted mouse mutants, from vector design to phenotype analysis. Mech Dev 82 3-21... 

Neuropeptides Involved in the Regulation of Anxiety-Related Behaviour. . . 340... 

Fig. 3A, B Neuropeptide effects on anxiety-related behavioiu. A The oxytocin receptor antagonist (black bars) administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) increased indices of anxiety-related behaviour in pregnant rats as measured on the elevated plus maze. Entries into the closed arms indicate unchanged locomotor activity. B Prolactin is an anxiolytic neuropeptide in female rats as revealed by i.c.v. administration of synthetic prolactin (grey and black bars represent two different doses) and by antisense targeting of the prolactin receptor (R). Vehicle (white bars) vs mixed bases (grey bars) and antisense oligodeoxynu-cleotide (black bars). p<0.05 vs vehicle (white bars). (Adapted from Nemnann et al. 2000) and Torner et al. 2001)...

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a highly conserved 36 amino acid peptide of the pancreatic polypeptide family that is widely distributed throughout the mammalian brain. Y1 and Y2 receptors represent the major subtypes expressed in brain areas known to be activated upon anxiogenic stimulation, thus providing the rationale for studying the involvement of NPY and its receptor subtypes in anxiety-related behaviour (Kask et al. 2002). Other receptor subtypes in... 

Unhke Y1 receptor agonists, NPY analogues that bind selectively to the Y2 receptor subtype failed to influence anxiety-related behaviour (Britton et al. 1997) or appeared to produce anxiogenic responses (Sajdyk et al. 2002b). Similarly, mice lacking Y2 receptors displayed an anxiolytic-like phenotype, suggesting that this receptor subtype may play an inhibitory role in the anxiolytic-like effects of NPY (Redrobe et al. 2003 Tschenett et al. 2003). 

Methodological differences may account for discrepant results found with the same neuropeptide. A major weakness of many of the studies mentioned in this review is that they examined only one element of a complex neuropep-tidergic system in a single brain region at a certain time point. Future studies in which multiple components of neuropeptidergic systems are all studied at once and in various brain areas in their dynamics will aid in understanding how the individual elements of this system co-ordinate their activity in regulating anxiety-related behaviour. 

Kusserow H, Davies B, Hortnagl H, et al. Reduced anxiety-related behaviour in transgenic mice overexpressing serotonin 1A receptors. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2004 129 104-116. 

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