Clinical translation

David O. Azorsa Clinical Translational Research Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Scottsdale, AZ, USA Rico Barsacchi Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biolopry and Genetics, Dresden, Germany... 

Fig. 8.1. Possible approaches for how NOD HLA transgenic mice can provide a model system for initially developing clinically translatable means for blocking the development or function of autoreactive T-cell populations contributing to T1D development in human patients.

Enzyme substrate interaction from isotope effects - farther achievements, perspectives and clinical translation... 

Goh G. 2005. Molecular and phenotypic analysis of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes opportunities and challenges for clinical translation. Thromb. Haemost. 94, 728-737. 

Meschia JF (2004) Clinically translated ischemic stroke genomics. Stroke 35 2735-2739. 

Castro-Pastrana LI, Carleton BC (2011) Improving pediatric drug safety need for more efficient clinical translation of pharma-coveigillance knowledge. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol 18 e76-e88... 

T-ceU lymphomas can be classified on the basis of antigen expression as either precursor (thymic) or mature (peripheral) in origin. These classifications clinically translate to precursor lymphoblastic lymphomas or to a heterogeneous group of peripheral T-ceU lymphomas. Tumors of natural killer or natural kiUer-like T cells are uncommon. 

Tumor immunology is a scientific discipline that is driven by clinical translation. For many decades, scientists both at... 

Potential Implications of HSCs. Studies on bone marrow cells differentiating into nonhematopoietic lineages have proposed that the cells are a representa-tive source of cell replacement in the treatment of numerous diseases. To amplify and generalize this issue for clinical translation, we should accumulate the useful processes of regeneration of blood formation by HSCs [36], skin replacement by putative epidermal stem cells [87], and the benefits reported in treating patients with myocardial infarction with bone marrow cells, mobilized peripheral HSCs, or hematopoietic progenitors [88, 89]. 

Disis ML, Knutson KL, McNeel DG, Davis D, Schifiman K. Clinical translation of peptide-based vaccine trials The her-2/neu model. Crit Rev Immunol 2001 21 263-273. 

Kerbel RS, Folkman J. Clinical translation of angiogenesis inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer 2002 2 727-739. 

In drug delivery, nanoparticles show great promise by altering the bioavailability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of drug molecules to improve therapeutic delivery however, clinical translation has been slow with the lack of ideal and established solutions for precise targeting, cell internalization, and controlled drug solubility and release [24]. Polymeric nanomedicine can address these challenges. 

N. Kamaly, Z. Xiao, P.M. Valenda, A.F. Radovic-Moreno, O.C. Farokhzad, Targeted polymeric ther utic nanoparticles design, development and clinical translation, CheuL Soc. Rev. 41 (2012) 2971-3010. 

Certainly, the challenge in recapitulating the pathological identity of AD and PD is self-evident. Despite much of the understanding we have gained fl om animal studies, their prediction for clinical translation is still controversial [86]. In fact, failure of AD therapeutics in clinical trials have questioned hypotheses that are well supported in animal studies [17]. To date, no neuroregenerative or neuroprotective agent identified fl om studies in the PD animal models has been shown to be efficacious in PD patients [75]. 

Overwhelming evidence supports the continued evaluation of regenerative strategies for the treatment of AD and PD. Certainly, it is essential to circumvent difficulties associated with the clinical translation of these therapies [132], Basic research on safety, clinical efficacy, and potential delivery routes must be extensively conducted to observe the implementation of modern regenerative medicine in neurodegenerative diseases. 

Lindvall, O., Kokaia, Z. Stem cells in human neurodegenerative disorders — time for clinical translation 1. Clin. Invest. 120, 29 0 (2010). doi 10.1172/ J CI40543.patients... 

Typically, iron oxide cannot be used alone (63), so it is coated with polymer that serves as the foundation for antibody conjugation (64-66). The specific delivery of trastuzumab labeled iron oxide nanoparticles (lONPs) to HER2 positive breast tumors have also been confirmed in a murine model (67, 68). In a similar study, lONPs were conjugated with EGFR targeting antibody, and specific uptake to orthotopic brain tumor xenografts was demonstrated in a preclinical model (69). However, lONP based MRI tracers can be easily trapped in liver or spleen, which needs to be resolved for clinical translation. 

Kamaly N, Xiao Z, Valencia PM, Radovic-Moreno AF, Farokhzad OC (2012) Targeted polymeric therapeutic nanoparticles design, development and clinical translation. Chem Soc Rev 41(7) 2971-3010... 

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