Heavy thermal cracking

API. 1987a. Acute inhalation toxicity evaluation of a petroleum derived hydrocarbon in rats - API 84-02 and API 85-01 with heavy thermal cracked naphtha, with cover letter dated 05/19/87. Project no. 22235-14. Washington, DC. American Petroleum Institute. 

Distillates (petroleum), heavy thermal cracked. See Petroleum distillates, heavy thermal cracked... 

Heavy hydrotreated naphtha (petroleum). See Naphtha, hydrotreated heavy Heavy mineral oil. See Mineral oil Heavy naphtha. See Naphtha Heavy normal paraffins concentrate (petroleum) Heavy normal paraffins (petroleum). See Paraffins, normal C5-20 Heavy oil. See Creosote oil Heavy paraffinic distillate, solvent extract. See Paraffin distillate Heavy spar. See Barium sulfate Heavy thermal cracked petroleum distillate. See Petroleum distillates, heavy thermal cracked Heazlewoodite. See Nickel subsulfide HEBMP. See Ethanolaminebis (methylenephosphonic acid)... 

Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes Uses Solvent lubricant basestock Petroleum distillates, heavy thermal cracked CAS 64741-81-7 EINECS/ELINCS 265-082-4 Synonyms Distillates (petroleum), heavy thermal cracked Heavy thermal cracked petroleum distillate Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon Ciassification Aromatic... 

C8-16 alkylbenzene Chloro-n-paraffin (C8-22) Tris (2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate plasticizer, secondary adhesives Chlorinated paraffins (C12, 60% chlorine) Chlorinated paraffins (C23, 43% chlorine) plasticizer, secondary mastics Chlorinated paraffins (C12, 60% chlorine) Chlorinated paraffins (C23, 43% chlorine) plasticizer, secondary paints Chlorinated paraffins (C12, 60% chlorine) Chlorinated paraffins (C23, 43% chlorine) plasticizer, secondary plastics Chlorinated paraffins (C12, 60% chlorine) Chlorinated paraffins (C23, 43% chlorine) plasticizer, secondary synthetic resins Isooctyl palmitate plasticizer, secondary vinyls C12-14 alkylbenzene Chlorinated paraffins (C12, 60% chlorine) Chlorinated paraffins (C23, 43% chlorine) Petroleum distillates, heavy thermal cracked... 

Pentylamine Petroleum distillates, acid-treated middle Petroleum distillates, alkylate Petroleum distillates, catalytic reformer fractionator residue, low boiling Petroleum distillates, heavy hydrotreated naphthenic Petroleum distillates, heavy thermal cracked Petroleum distillates, hydrotreated light, low-boiling Petroleum distillates, hydrotreated middle Petroleum distillates, light hydrocracked Petroleum raffinates, sorption process... 

Yields of products in heavy thermal cracking process in one cycle... 

Production of maleic anhydride by oxidation of / -butane represents one of butane s largest markets. Butane and LPG are also used as feedstocks for ethylene production by thermal cracking. A relatively new use for butane of growing importance is isomerization to isobutane, followed by dehydrogenation to isobutylene for use in MTBE synthesis. Smaller chemical uses include production of acetic acid and by-products. Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) is the principal by-product, though small amounts of formic, propionic, and butyric acid are also produced. / -Butane is also used as a solvent in Hquid—Hquid extraction of heavy oils in a deasphalting process. 

Thermal Cracking. Heavy petroleum fractions such as resid are thermally cracked in delayed cokers or flexicokers (44,56,57). The main products from the process are petroleum coke and off-gas which contain light olefins and butylenes. This stream also contains a considerable amount of butane. Process conditions for the flexicoker are more severe than for the delayed coker, about 550°C versus 450°C. Both are operated at low pressures, around 300—600 kPa (43—87 psi). Flexicokers produce much more linear butenes, particularly 2-butene, than delayed cokers and about half the amount of isobutylene (Table 7). This is attributed to high severity of operation for the flexicoker (43). 

Cracking temperatures are somewhat less than those observed with thermal pyrolysis. Most of these catalysts affect the initiation of pyrolysis reactions and increase the overall reaction rate of feed decomposition (85). AppHcabiUty of this process to ethane cracking is questionable since equiUbrium of ethane to ethylene and hydrogen is not altered by a catalyst, and hence selectivity to olefins at lower catalyst temperatures may be inferior to that of conventional thermal cracking. SuitabiUty of this process for heavy feeds like condensates and gas oils has yet to be demonstrated. 

FIG. 23-3 Temperature and composition profiles, a) Oxidation of SOp with intercooling and two cold shots, (h) Phosgene from GO and Gfi, activated carbon in 2-in tubes, water cooled, (c) Gumene from benzene and propylene, phosphoric acid on < uartz, with four quench zones, 260°G. (d) Mild thermal cracking of a heavy oil in a tubular furnace, hack pressure of 250 psig and sever heat fluxes, Btu/(fr-h), T in °F. (e) Vertical ammonia svi,ithesizer at 300 atm, with five cold shots and an internal exchanger. (/) Vertical methanol svi,ithesizer at 300 atm, Gr O -ZnO catalyst, with six cold shots totaling 10 to 20 percent of the fresh feed. To convert psi to kPa, multiply by 6.895 atm to kPa, multiply by 101.3. 

Example 3 Thermal Cracking of Heavy Oils (Visbreaking)... 

Residues (petroleum), heavy coker and light vacuum Residues (petroleum), catalytic reformer fractionator Residues (petroleum), hydrodesulphurized atmospheric tower Residues (petroleum), topping plant, low sulphur Residues (petroleum), heavy coker gas oil and vacuum gas oil Residues (petroleum), thermal cracked... 

Visbreaking is a mild thermal cracking process that reduces the viscosity of heavy fuel oils and reduces the amount of low-viscosity blending stocks that must be added to the heavy residuals to meet viscosity specifications of the specific heavy fuel oil. The amount of heavy fuel oil production by a refinery is reduced by 20—30 percent if a visbreaker is used. The refinery profitability is improved with visbreaker operation, because heavy fuel oils are low value products. 

Coking is a severe thermal cracking process designed to handle heavy residues with high asphaltene and metal contents. These residues cannot be fed to catalytic cracking units because their impurities deactivate and poison the catalysts. 

D-86 is the most common method used in refineries. The distillation is done at atmospheric pressure. It is used for samples with an EP less than 750 F (400°C). Above this temperature, the sample begins to crack. Thermal cracking is identified by a drop in the temperature of distilled vapor, the presence of brown smoke, and a rise in the system pressure. Above 750 E liquid temperature, the distilling flask begins to deform. All of today s ECC feeds are too heavy to use the D-86... 

Gas oils (petroleum), thermal cracked, hydrodesulphurized Gas oils (petroleum), heavy atmospheric... 

In the thermal cracking methods, the higher-boiling petroleum fractions like heavy oils are subjected to high temperature and pressure by which the bigger hydrocarbon molecules break down to yield lower-boiling lighter fractions ... 

Burton The first commercial process for thermally cracking heavy petroleum fractions to obtain gasoline. Invented in 1912 by W. M. Burton at Standard Oil (Indiana) and operated commercially from 1913 through the 1920s. See also Dubbs. 

Dynacracking A petroleum cracking process which combines the best features of the "catalytic cracking and Thermal cracking processes. It converts heavy oil feedstocks to fuel gas, gasoline, and fuel oil. No catalyst is used. Developed in the 1950s by Hydrocarbon Research, but not commercialized. 

MHDV [Mobil Hydrogen Donor Visbreaking] A modified visbreaking process in which a hydrogen donor stream from the oil refinery is added to the heavy hydrocarbon stream before thermal cracking. Developed by Mobil Corporation... 

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