Petroleum bases oils

Plasticizers and Processing Aids. Petroleum-based oils are commonly used as plasticizers. Compound viscosity is reduced, and mixing, processing, and low temperature properties are improved. Air permeabihty is increased by adding extender oils. Plasticizers are selected for their compatibihty and low temperature properties. Butyl mbber has a solubihty parameter of ca 15.3 (f /cm ) [7.5 (cal/cm ) ], similar to paraffinic and naphthenic oils. Polybutenes, paraffin waxes, and low mol wt polyethylene can also be used as plasticizers (qv). Alkyl adipates and sebacates reduce the glass-transition temperature and improve low temperature properties. Process aids, eg, mineral mbber and Stmktol 40 ms, improve filler dispersion and cured adhesion to high unsaturated mbber substrates. 

Crankcase oil or motor oil may be either petroleum-based or synthetic. The petroleum-based oils are more widely used than the synthetic oils and may be used in automotive engines, railroad and truck diesel engines, marine equipment, jet and other aircraft engines, and most small two- and four-stroke engines. 

The petroleum-based oils contain hundreds to thousands of hydrocarbon compounds, including a substantial fraction of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds. The hydrocarbons are mainly mixtures of snaight- and branched-chain hydrocarbons (alkanes), cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals are important components of motor oils and crankcase oils, with the used oils... 

Carbon black Finely divided carbon made by incomplete combustion or decomposition of natural gas or petroleum-based oils in different types of equipment. According to the process and raw material used, it can be furnace (e.g., HAF), thermal (e.g., MT), or channel carbon black (e.g., EPC), each having different characteristics, such as particle size, structure, and morphology. The addition of different types of carbon blacks to rubber compounds results in different processing behavior and vulcanizate properties. 

Poly(a-olefins) or PAOs, polyol esters and diesters are now used in automotive and marine engine oils. To understand how an ester lubricates, it is important to consider its behavior in the different lubrication regimes, especially boundary lubrication when the properties of the bulk lubricant (e.g. viscosity) are of minor importance. The chemical properties of the lubricant responses under extreme conditions will become increasingly important. The polar ester will preferentially stick to the surface of metal when a small amount of ester is added to a low viscosity nonpolar fluid (PAO), (Randles, 1999 Spikes, 1999). When the two metal surfaces come closer together, the polar ester molecules stay in the contact zone. The use of fully synthetic engine oil formulations has produced some improvement in viscosity control and engine cleanliness in the piston and valve train areas over petroleum-based oils (Boehringer, 1975 Frame et ah, 1989 Kennedy, 1995 Lohuis and Harlow, 1985). 

Thermal, oxidative and hydrolytic stability. Organic esters and PAO inhibited lubricant base stocks resist oxidative and thermal degradation better than petroleum-based oil petroleum (121 °C), PAO (121-177°C), diesters (149-177°C), and polyol esters (177-218°C). 

On the III-D test, the 5W-30 partial synthetic showed better resistance to viscosity increase than typical petroleum based oils. All petroleum reference oils ran from 851% to 3077% on viscosity increase after 64 hours. These were straight 30 weights and 10W-30 viscosity oils as opposed to the partial synthetic being a 5W-30 oil. Visual observation showed no scuffing of rocker arm pivots on the first III-D test in Table VIII. Wear was observed on seven of the rocker arm pivots. A second III-D test was run on the slightly higher viscosity version shown under Proposed 5W-30 in Table VII. It demonstrated excellent cam and lifter wear with no wear or scuffing visible on any of the rocker arm pivots. See Table VIII. The oil consumption of this formula ran 4.97 quarts versus 5.59 quarts and 5.72 quarts for the 10W-30 all petroleum oil reference data supplied with the test. 

Plasticizers. These materials are added to reduce the hardness of the compound and can reduce the viscosity of the uncured compound to facilitate processes such as mixing and extruding. The most common materials are petroleum-based oils, esters, and fatty acids. Critical properties of these materials are their compatibility with the rubber and their viscosity. Failure to obtain sufficient compatibility will cause the plasticizer to diffuse out of the compound. The oils are classified as aromatic, naphthenic, or paraffinic according to their components. Aromatic oils will be more compatible with styrene-butadiene rubber than paraffinic oils, whereas the inverse will be true for butyl rubber. The aromatic oils are dark colored and thus cannot be used where color is critical, as in the white sidewall of a tire. The naphthenic and paraffinic oils can be colorless and are referred to as nonstaining. 

WD-40 is a proprietary formula composed of aliphatic petroleum distillates, petroleum base oil, carbon dioxide, and other nonhazardous ingredients. In 1953, the Rocket Chemical Company set out to create a line of rust prevention solvents and degreasers for use in the aerospace industry. On the fortieth attempt, they succeeded in formulating an effective water-displacing/lubricating formula, which they called WD-40. This product worked so well that it was used to protect the outer skin of the Atlas Missile from oxidation. It worked so well that employees of Rocket Chemical would sneak out cans of the formula for use in their own homes. The company produced a consumer version of the product in 1958, and since then people have used WD-40 on virtually everything. 

The majority of lubricant base fluids are produced by refining crude oil. Estimates of the total worldwide demand for petroleum base oils were 35 Mt in 1990 and this has remained approximately stable since [1]. The reasons for the predominance of refined petroleum base oils are simple and obvious - performance, availability and price. Large-scale oil refining operations produce base oils with excellent performance in modern lubricant formulations at economic prices. Non-petroleum base fluids are used where special properties are necessary, where petroleum base oils are in short supply or where substitution by natural products is practicable or desirable. 

Several studies have shown that certain categories of poorly or untreated petroleum base oils can cause cancer in humans. The principal molecular types believed to be responsible are the three- to seven-ring polycyclic aromatics. The IP 346 test method selectively extracts these materials from a sample of the base oil and enables their concentration to be estimated, fully described in a CONCAWE report [3]. Base oils are now classified according to this test method for their carcinogenic potential and the labelling of finished lubricant products must now comply with these rules. 

The shear stresses and the shear rates in Fig. 8 were computed by the appropriate formula for Newtonian flow at the capillary wall. But if the results of such a computation indicate that the viscosity varies with shear rate, then the Rabinowitsch analysis is applied to determine the correct shear rate at the wall for non-Newtonian behavior (c. References 2 and 3). Figure 4-9 illustrates how the addition of a polymeric viscosity modifier to a paraffinic petroleum base oil changes the viscosity behavior from Newtonian (Fluid B) to non-Newtonian (Fluids C, D and E). The shear rates and the shear stresses have a hundred-fold range. 

When tested in the four-ball machine, solutions of sulfur in petroleum oils of moderate viscosity or in white oil raise the critical load for the onset of severe, destructive wear, which is designated as "antiseizure" action in the technological idiom of the four-ball test. Davey [54] found a significant increase in the critical initial seizure load from 834 N (85 kg) for a petroleum base oil to 1275 N (130 kg) for elemental sulfur dissolved in the oil. Sakurai and Sato [55] observed a 3.2-fold increase in the load-wear index (mean Hertz load) for a 0.5 weight-percent solution of elemental sulfur relative to that of the uncompounded white oil. The load-wear index is a specialized result of the four-ball test that can be taken as indicative of the average antiseizure behavior of the lubricant. Mould, Silver and Syrett [56] reported a load-wear index ratio of 3.08 for 0.48% sulfur in white oil relative to that of the solvent oil, and also an increase in the initial seizure load from 441 N to 637 N (45 kg to 65 kg) and in the 2.5-second seizure-delay load from 490 N to 833 N (50 kg to 90 kg). 

The first decision is whether to look for a completely different fluid from the water-ethylene glycol mixture, or to keep water as the heat transfer fluid and look only for a replacement for ethylene glycol. If we were designing a new automobile, or at least a new automobile engine, there would be many possible heat, transfer fluids to choose from. For example, silicon oils or mineral (petroleum-based) oils are frequently used as heat transfer fluids. However, we are looking only for a drop-in replacement, so that constraints 2 and 3 need to be satisfied. Therefore, we will restrict our search to a replacement for ethylene glycol in an aqueous mixture. 

The oxidation behavior was further investigated by DSC in air (7 bar pressure, 5 cmV min flow rate, heating rate j8= 10 K/min). The evaluations were carried out as described in chapter 4.7.2. The petroleum based oils supplied diagrams shown schematically in fig. 4-129. No significant differences were observed between virgin and reclaimed oils. In the diagrams of the synthetic lubricants, the first peak appears more slender and higher, the... 

The additive treatment of the petroleum based oils effects a decrease of Neither virgin oils nor reclaimed oils demonstrate any differences neither with nor without additive. For PAO the values are equal for the samples without additive and with 5 wt% additive. A significant difference exists between the values of 5 wt% additive treatment and those of 11 wt%. For TMP and DITDA, 5 wt% of additive is sufficient to cause T to rise considerably, whereas difference exists between the values of 5 wt% and 11.1 wt% additive treatment. 

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