Water-ethylene glycol mixtures

Fig. 23 a Image of a microfluidic chip used for IFT measurements filled with liquid dye to illuminate channels. To perform the measurement, drops are injected (fluid la and b) are injected into an immiscible stream (2). Additional immiscible matrix is added (3a and 3b) conveying the drops into channel 4 for analysis and measurement. Constrictions in channel 4 accelerate/stretch the drops. Multiple constrictions enable measurement at different interface age. The channel geometry is shown schematically in the inset (from [108]). b Interfacial tension (ct) of water/ethylene glycol mixtures (binary drops) in PDMS oil, as a function of composition ((j)). (Reproduced with permission from [109])... 

Ray, A. and G. Nemethy. 1971. Micelle formation by nonionic detergents in water-ethylene glycol mixtures. 

This principle can be used in a number of practical ways. One application is the use of antifreeze in car radiators. Since water expands on freezing, the water in a car s cooling system can crack the engine block of a parked car when the outside temperature falls below 0°C. The addition of a common antifreeze, ethylene glycol, prevents this because the freezing point is depressed and the water-ethylene glycol mixture freezes at a much lower temperature. 

How many liters of the antifreeze ethylene glycol [CH2(0H)CH2(0H)] would you add to a car radiator containing 6.50 L of water if the coldest winter temperature in your area is — 20°C Calculate the boiling point of this water-ethylene glycol mixture. (The density of ethylene glycol is 1.11 g/mL.)... 

The first decision is whether to look for a completely different fluid from the water-ethylene glycol mixture, or to keep water as the heat transfer fluid and look only for a replacement for ethylene glycol. If we were designing a new automobile, or at least a new automobile engine, there would be many possible heat, transfer fluids to choose from. For example, silicon oils or mineral (petroleum-based) oils are frequently used as heat transfer fluids. However, we are looking only for a drop-in replacement, so that constraints 2 and 3 need to be satisfied. Therefore, we will restrict our search to a replacement for ethylene glycol in an aqueous mixture. 

Efficient photodimerization in the presence of y-CD was thought to occur in 1 2 (CDrguest) complexes of 2-methyl-l,4-naphthoquinone in a water-ethylene glycol mixture on the basis of emission spectra of irradiated samples at 77 K [317]. 

By variation of the percentage of water in the water/ethylene glycol mixtures and their temperature, a continuous series of viscosities can be obtained. Therefore the mixture and temperature are varied such that overlapping values of viscosity are found at least for two defined contents of water in the mixture. This type of variation gives a hint on the relative size of polarity and viscosity effects influencing the quantum yields of a photochemical reaction. 

IONIC ASSOCIATION. I. VISCOSITY EFFECT ON THE ULTRASONIC RELAXATION OF MAGNESIUM SULFATE IN WATER-ETHYLENE GLYCOL MIXTURES AT 25 DEGREES. 

Electro-optic charge injection and transport measurements in highly purified water and water/ethylene glycol mixtures, IEEE Trans, on Elec. Insul., EI-20(2)s199-211. 

Zahn, M., Sfilcl,Y., Fenneman, D.B., Gripshover, R.J., and Gehman, V.H., Jr., 1986, Dielectric properties of water and water/ethylene glycol mixtures for use in pulsed power system design, Proc. of IEEE,... 

Substrate cooling is often a problem since cooling by convection is not operational in a vacuum. Substrates can be cooled by being in contact with a cooled substrate fixture. Circulating chilled water or oil, cooled water/ethylene glycol mixture (-25°C), dry ice/ acetone (—78°C), refrigerants (= — 150°C), or LN2 (—196°C) may be used as coolants in the substrate fixturing. 

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