Petit

C10H13O. B.p. 225-226"C. A terpenic alcohol and a constituent of neroli, petit-grain and bergamot, and of many other essential oils. Nerol has a blander smell than its isomer, geraniol, and is more valuable as a constituent of perfumes. 

Petit C and Pileni M P 1997 Nanosized oobalt boride partioles oontrol of the size and properties J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 166 82... 

Taleb A, Petit C and Pileni M P 1997 Synthesis of highly monodisperse silver nanopartioles from AOT reverse mioelles a way to 2D and 3D self-organization Chem. Mater. 9 950... 

Taleb A, Petit C and Pileni M P 1998 Optioal properties of self-assembled 2D and 3D superlattioes of silver nanopartioles J. Phys. Chem. B 102 2214... 

FDA Quality Standards. Although standards for many dmgs and biologicals are included in the USP—NF, and for many food additives in the FCC, the FDA also estabhshes some specifications of its own. In the dmg field, specifications and testing methods for antibiotics and biologicals are set by the FDA. Also, specifications and testing methods are prescribed for colorants. Many food-additive petitions are granted with the requirement that certain specifications are met. 

Countries that use a positive Hst, eg, Japan, Switzerland, the former Soviet Union, and the United States, Hst ak substances akowable in flavor and foods any material not Hsted is not akowable. Any material included on a positive Hst is considered safe for its intended use. This system works wek only if there is a specific procedure to akow for the addition of new materials. In the United States there is the Food Additive Petition and the GRAS route. No new material can be used in flavor or foods unless it undergoes one of these two procedures. This assures that any new technology can be added and used after it is reviewed for safety. 

Sucrose polyesters, which are made by esterilying sucrose with long-chain fatty acids, have the physical properties of fat, but are resistant to digestive enzymes (40). Olestra, a sucrose polyester developed by Procter Gamble, was submitted for regulatory approval in May 1987. In order to faciUtate the approval process, Procter Gamble has since narrowed the scope of its food additive petition to include olestra s use only in savory and extmded snacks. 

Other Sweeteners. Two other sweeteners, sucralose and cyclamates, are approved for use outside of the United States. Sucralose, a chlorinated derivative of sucrose which is 500—600 times as sweet as sugar, has received limited approval in Canada, and petitions for its approval are pending in the United States and Europe (71). Cyclamate sweeteners, once available in the United States, but now baimed because they caused bladder cancer in animals, are stiU available in Canada and Europe. Table 7 gives several examples of nonnutritive sweeteners that have been developed. 

Hair Coloring Regulation Issues. In the United States the classification of color additives is complex. Under the Federal Food, Dmg and Cosmetic Act, all cosmetic colors must be the subject of an approved color additive petition to the Food and Dmg Administration there is an exception for coal-tar colorants used to color hair. Based on the composition of these colorants, FDA can require a certification on each manufactured batch of colorant to assure conformance with the approved specifications. In the early 1990s FDA has required certification only for synthetically derived coal-tar type colors. Many of the approved color additives, both certified and noncertified, are restricted ia their potential use. These restrictions can be found ia the color additive regulations ia the Code of Federal Regulations at 21 CFR 73 and 74. 

The Certificate of Correction. Another mechanism for correcting the patent is the "Certificate of Correction," which is essentially a petition filed by the patentee to correct minor errors in the patent produced either by the U.S. PTO or inadvertentiy by the appHcant. Unlike the Notice of Errors, a Certificate of Correction does result in an additional pubHcation from the U.S. PTO, and anyone requesting a copy of a patent in which a Certificate of Correction has been filed will also obtain the Certificate of Correction. A Certificate of Correction reflects amendments made during the examination of the patent which were entered by the examiner but not found within the issued patent. The omission of such amendments can be in the body of the patent or in the patent claims. The Certificate of Correction may also be used to correct errors in the issued patent which were not present in the patent appHcation when it was filed. If the error was caused by the patent appHcant prior to or during examination, the patent appHcant bears the cost of filing and... 

Reasonable grounds in support of tolerance petition Analytical reference standard(s)... 

Utihties that reduce emissions below the number of allowances they hold may trade emissions credits on the open market. Owners of plants affected by Phase I regulations can also petition the EPA for a two-year extension for meeting Phase I emissions if they have selected a control option capable of reducing SO2 emissions by 90% or more, such as is capable by flue-gas desulfurization. Owners of these units can receive bonus allowances for 1997—1999 if they have operated at SO2 emissions below 0.52 kg/10 kj (1.2 lb/10 Btu) of fuel heating value input. 

Maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, maltitol solutions (symps), and hydrogenated starch hydrolysates (HSH) have GRAS petitions filed with the FDA and are being sold commercially under self-determined GRAS status. Maltitol, owing to its lower negative heat of solution, is often preferred over mannitol as the... 

Abbott Laboratories, which has conducted additional toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with cyclamate, a 10 1 mixture of cyclamate—saccharin, and cyclohexylamine, claimed to be unable to confirm the 1969 findings. Abbott then filed a food additive petition for cyclamate in 1973, which was denied by the FDA in 1980. In 1982, the Calorie Control Council and Abbott Laboratories filed a second food additive petition containing the results of additional safety studies (73). That petition was stiU pending as of 1996. Cyclamate is, however, allowed for use in any or all three categories, ie, food, beverage, and tabletop, in about 50 countries. Sweet n Low, known in the United States as a saccharin-based table-top sweetener, contains exclusively cyclamate in Canada. 

Stevioside and rebaudioside A are diterpene glycosides. The sweetness is tainted with a bitter and undesirable aftertaste. The time—intensity profile is characteristic of naturally occurring sweeteners slow onset but lingering. The aglycone moiety, steviol [471 -80-7] (10), which is the principal metaboHte, has been reported to be mutagenic (79). Wide use of stevia ia Japan for over 20 years did not produce any known deleterious side effects. However, because no food additive petition has been presented to the FDA, stevioside and related materials caimot be used ia the United States. An import alert against stevia was issued by the FDA ia 1991. In 1995, however, the FDA revised this import alert to allow the importation and use of stevia as a diet supplement (80), but not as a sweetener or an ingredient for foods. Several comprehensive reviews of stevia are available (81,82). 

Sucralose. Sucralose [56038-13-2] is a trichlorodisaccharide sweetener developed by the British sugar company Tate Lyle during the 1970s (87—89). It was Hcensed to McNeil Specialty Products Company (a Johnson Johnson subsidiary) in the United States. A food additive petition was filed with the FDA in 1987 (90). As of December, 1996, the petition was still pending. Sucralose was approved for use as a sweetener by Canada in 1991, by Austraha, Mexico, and Russia in 1993, by Romania in 1994, and by New Zealand in 1996. 

Many other dihydrochalcones have been made, but most of the toxicological studies have been conducted using NHDC and thus (20) has been petitioned and allowed for use. Neohesperidin is best isolated from the bitter orange (Seville orange), but it can also be synthesized from (18) and isovanillin [621-59-0] (21) (Fig. 7) (98). 

In 1974, a petition for affiimation of the GRAS status of miracle fmit was submitted by the Miralin Company, mainly based on the fact that miracle fmits have been consumed by humans since before 1958. In 1977, the petition was denied by the FDA. However, miraculin remains a research curiosity. Its stmcture was elucidated in 1989 (125). Another protein, curculin [151404-13-6] (126), has also been reported to exert a sweet-inducing activity similar to miraculin. 

United States Dept of Transportation—Petition forBulemaking Single-State Transportation in Interstate or Foreign Commerce, Ex Parte No. MC-182, served Feb. 12,1987. 

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