Control options

S. Uimasch, C. B. Moyer, M. D. Jackson, and K. D. Smith, Emissions Control Options forHeavj-Duty Engines, SyPE 861111, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1986. 

Although the evaluation phase comes chronologically between the recognition and control phases, the control options play a considerable role in the extent or intensity of the evaluation phase. 

Options. Traditional control options for overexposure are material substitution, process change, containment, enclosure, isolation, source reduction, ventilation, provide personal protection, change work practices, and improve housekeeping. A simple way of looking at selection of control options is to find the cheapest option that results in the desired amount of exposure reduction. It is not actually that simple, however, because the various options differ in ways other than cost and degree of control. Some of the other factors to consider in selection of control options are operabiUty, rehabiUty, and acceptabihty. 

Utihties that reduce emissions below the number of allowances they hold may trade emissions credits on the open market. Owners of plants affected by Phase I regulations can also petition the EPA for a two-year extension for meeting Phase I emissions if they have selected a control option capable of reducing SO2 emissions by 90% or more, such as is capable by flue-gas desulfurization. Owners of these units can receive bonus allowances for 1997—1999 if they have operated at SO2 emissions below 0.52 kg/10 kj (1.2 lb/10 Btu) of fuel heating value input. 

In the first stages of the development of an Action plan all control options are considered. In the case of lakes, this process is aided by a PC-based expert system , PACGAP, which looks at the physical and chemical characteristics of the lake to determine the most likely option for control. Once further, more detailed information has been collected on the lake s nutrient inputs and other controlling factors, amore complex interactive model can be used (Phytoplankton Response To Environmental CHange, PROTECH-2) to define the efficacy of proposed control options more accurately. This model is able to predict the development of phytoplankton species populations under different nutrient and stratification regimes. 

It is only following the collection and collation of nutrient data from all sources, including agriculture, the appreciation of control options, and the development and implementation of Action plans , that significant progress will be made with eutrophication control in the UK. 

For VOCs, control options are multiple. Source reduction or removal includes product substitution or reformulation. Particleboard or pressed w ood has been developed and used extensively in building materials for cabinet bases and subflooring and in furniture manufacturing for frames. If the product is not properly manufactured and cured prior to use as a building material, VOCs can outgas into the interior of the residence or building. Other sources of VOCs may be paints, cleaning solutions, fabrics, binders, and adhesives. Proper use of household products will lower volatile emissions. 

EPA must issue guidelines for cost effectiveness of emission control options. 

Prevention versus Control Principles of pollution prevention How pollution prevention works Pollution prevention auditing Comparing P2 to control options... 

When you have pursued source control options and have increased ventilation rates and efficiency to the limits of your expertise, you must decide how important it is to pursue the problem further. If you have made several unsuccessful efforts to control a problem, then it may be advisable to seek outside assistance. The problem is probably fairly complex, and it may occur only intermittendy or cross the borders that divide traditional fields of knowledge. It is even possible that poor indoor air quality is not the actual cause of the complaints. Bringing in a new perspective at this point can be very effective. 

In reading over this chapter, glance back at Chapter 6. Many of the principles covered here complement the pollution prevention audit, and will assist you in developing approaches to assessing prevention versus control options. 

Containment and Control Options for Gaseous Wastes from Soils... 

Controls selection The selection of controls will be influenced to an extent by the characteristics of the building, particularly the insulation material and the number and disposition of windows. Control options to be considered include ... 

Poehlein and Dougherty 2) provide more details on transient operation problems and some potential control options. Considerable work is currently being conducted in a number of university... 

The first draft of the new requirement had draconian security requirements, softened (as is common) after a comment period Demands for biometric identifiers were replaced with password control options. But the revised final regulation was still broad in scope and necessitated extensive documentation and testing for all systems used in the industry (with even stronger controls if the user opted for electronic signatures). 

Figure 26.32 illustrates two moisture control options in gas-collector systems. Gas-collector systems will tolerate a large amount of moisture before air transmissivity is affected. Condensates from the gas-collector layer that form beneath the clay and FMC can also be taken back into the waste, since most hazardous wastes are deposited very dry. 

The purpose of an exposure and risk assessment is to characterize the magnitude and extent of human or environmental exposure to selected pollutants and to quantify the potential adverse effects of those exposures. The assessment can be used both to provide a baseline estimate of existing health risks attributable to an environmental pollutant and to determine the potential reduction in exposure and risk for various control options. Exposure and risk assessments are playing an increasingly central role in... 

Most effective fire control option. Normally most expensive option. 

F = design factor obtained from Table PL-3.7.1(b)(6)-l or Table PL-3.7.1(b)(6)-3 as applicable, depending upon the fracture control option specified in (b) below used in the design. In setting the values of the design factor, F, due consideration has been given and allowance has been made for the various underthickness tolerances provided for in the pipe specifications listed and approved for usage in this Code. 

Our report for EPA examines each of sixteen combinations of control options for each of the eight combinations of dose response assumptions. The resulting 128 scenarios correspond to the end points of the decision tree shown in Figure 1. For each of these 128 scenarios we worked out the impacts on workers, users, and urban residents in the same manner as shown in Table III. 

Improved measurement methods suitable for observations from airborne platforms, so that the regional-scale impacts of urban emission can be accurately assessed. This is needed because some control options for solving the urban-scale problem have the potential of transferring pollution from one geographic area to others. 

The O M program once established shall be implemented and managed conscientiously and reviewed periodically. Alternatives on control options that may be implemented under an O M program include (a) repair, (b) encapsulation, (c) enclosure, (d) encasement, and (e) minor removal. The abatement actions other than O M can also be selected when necessary. Eor instance, removal of ACM before renovations may be necessary in some instances. 

Microbiological Problems in Mineral Slurries - Control Options in 2001... 

Controller options Select one Select one Add one or more Add one or both... 

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