Risk analysis pesticides

Navidi, W.C. and Bunge, A.L. (2002). Uncertainty in measurements of dermal absorption of pesticides. Risk Analysis, 22, 1175-1182. 

This directory contains the USEPA Pesticide and Industrial Chemical Risk Analysis and Hazard Assessment system. Documentation for PIRANHA is contained in a MANUALS subdirectory enter PIRANHA C where C is a hard disk to receive the output files to run the sy stem. For efficient operation of PIRANHA, transfer the files from the CD-ROM to your hard disk, (it requires 28 MB). Data files are accessed from the CD-ROM when running PIRANHA. 

Relationship of pesticide residue analysis, regulation, and risk assessment... 

Williams PRD and Hammitt JK (2001) Perceived risks of conventional and organic produce pesticides, pathogens and natural toxins . Risk Analysis, 21, 319-330. 

The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) report Intolerable Risk Pesticides in Our Children s Food focused on the increased risk of the adverse effects of pesticides on children. This was in part because of the smaller size of the child relative to the adult and because of different food consumption practices. Relative to their size, children eat, drink, and breathe more than adults in part because they are growing. The use and regulation of pesticides illustrate the complexities of risk analysis and risk management and the difficulties in determining an acceptable level of exposure with acceptable risks. In the United States approximately 1 billion pounds of pesticides (with about 600 different active ingredients) are used annually in the agricultural sector, and worldwide approximately 4 billion pounds are used. There are a range of human health and environmental health effects associated with the use of pesticides. 

The Pellston workshop in February 2002, which produced this book, aimed to develop guidance and increased consensus on the use of uncertainty analysis methods in ecological risk assessment. The workshop focused on pesticides, and used case studies on pesticides, because of the urgent need created by the rapid move to using probabilistic methods in pesticide risk assessment. However, it was anticipated that the conclusions would also be highly relevant to other stressors, especially other contaminants. 

In conclusion, we believe that error propagation methods like Monte Carlo, Bayesian Monte Carlo, and Ist-order error analysis should be promoted and extensively used in pesticide risk assessments implemented in both the United States and Europe. 

In some cases, the workshop produced a near consensus on how to resolve the issue, but further work is required to conhrm and implement the conclusion. In most cases, however, the workshop has identihed a range of possible solutions and further work is required to evaluate them. Uncertainty analysis in pesticide risk assessment is highly encouraged however, uncertainty analysis should be used and interpreted with caution. The methods used should be justified and described in detail in every assessment. 

The workshop did not reach firm conclusions on which methods of uncertainty analysis are suitable for use in pesticide risk assessment, or when they should be used. 

B. N. Ames, M. Profet, and L. S. Gold, Nature s Chemicals and Synthetic Chemicals Comparative Toxicology, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 (1990) 7782-86 B. N. Ames, M. Profet, and L. S. Gold, Dietary Pesticides 99.99 Percent All Natural, ibid., 7777-81 L. S. Gold, T. H. Slone, and B. N. Ames, Prioritization of Possible Carcinogenic Hazards in Food, in D. Tennant, ed., Food Chemical Risk Analysis (London Chapman Hall, 1997), pp. 267-95. 

Rekha, S.N., Naik, Prasad, R., 2006. Pesticide residue in organic and conventional food -Risk analysis. Chemical Health and Safety 13, 12-19. 

Wauchope, R.D., Hornsby, A G., Goss, D.W., Burt, J.P. (1991) The SCS/ARS/SCS Pesticides Properties Database A set of parameter values for first-tier comparative water pollution risk analysis. Proceedings, National Pesticide Conference, Brookfield, Virginia, November 8-9, 1990, pp. 455 -70. 

Driver, J.H. and G.K. Whitmyre (1997). Pesticide regulation and human health the role of risk assessment, in Eundamentals of Risk Analysis and Risk Management, V. Molak (Ed.), CRC Lewis Publishers, New York, pp. 143-162. 

A similar conclusion was derived from analysis of how data are used in making pesticide risk assessments, where the authors concluded that the inability to match a specific exposure scenario to available data (c.g., species and duration of dosing) led to overestimation of absorption and thus risk Ross et al., 2000). The take home lesson from this chapter is that the experimental conditions under which pesticide absorption studies are conducted often overshadow differences between individual compounds, as can easily be appreciated in the classic studies comparing absorption of pesticides in mice (Shah el ai, 1981) versus humans (Fcidmann and Maibach, 1974). 

Pesticides Tank Truck Higher Escalation - Qualitative Risk Analysis... 

The results of this risk analysis indicate that ethylene oxide, non-bnlk shipments of pesticide, and the segment of the chlorine (ton containers) ronted through the low population density can be eliminated from further review. The team also decided that no additional risk mitigation actions were necessary for these transportation activities (and were not reqnired based on the risk ranking). These chemicals and modes of transport will, however, continue to be reviewed and monitored as part of the global risk management program. 

Due to the potential impacts and safety record of some of the carriers, corporate commissioned a QRA of all pesticide tank truck operations that were escalated as a higher-risk issue from the semi-quantitative risk analysis. The focus of this example is on a single origin-designation pair from the Asian facility. 

Semi- Quantitative Risk Analysis (Chapter 4) Faciiity Levei Qualitative risk analysis resulted in the escalation of four of the nine chemical/ mode transportation operations from the Asian facility Increased detail resulted in screening out two of the chemical movements Bulk chlorine and pesticide recommendations developed Rerouting Repackaging... 

The results of the semi-quantitative risk analysis focused on a segment of the chlorine (ton container) route through the medium population density and the entire bulk pesticide transportation route. The recommendations developed for consideration included ... 

To this point in the risk analysis process, XYZ Chemical commissioned a separate study to review the bulk pesticide operation and all potential risk reduction options and combination of options that could be implemented to manage the risk of this operation. This study determined that the combination of several risk reduction options reduced the bulk pesticide risk from higher risk to lower risk. While management thought it was important to reduce identified risks, the costs of the available options were not justifiable and so the movement of bulk pesticide from this Asian facility was stopped. 

The Environmental Protection Agency regulates the use of pesticides in such a way that they are permitted for use when the beneficial effects are deemed to outweigh the risks that may occur to man and his environment on use of those pesticides. Thus, in regulating pesticides, the EPA resorts to benefit and risk analysis as pertains to specific pesticides and specific uses of pesticides. 

As indicated above, the nature and amount of data required for pesticide approval depend on the properties and use of each active substance. A stepwise, tiered or triggered approach allows an efficient selection of tests essential to each individual contamination risk analysis. The environmental exposure to a pesticide depends primarily on the following factors. 

W.G. Fong, Regulatory aspects pesticide registration, risk assessment and tolerance, residue analysis, and monitoring, in Pesticide Residues in Foods Methods, Techniques, and Regulations, ed. W.G. Fong, H.A. Moye, J.N. Seiber, and J.R Toth, WUey, New York, Chapt. 7 (1999). 

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