Triazine herbicides atrazine

Atrazine (triazine herbicide) MAA tri(ethylene glycol)dimethacrylate oligourethane acrylate Conductometric sensor membrane [102]... 

Triazines. Triazine herbicides are one of several herbicide groups that are heterocycHc nitrogen derivatives. Triazine herbicides include the chloro-, methylthio-, and methoxytriazines. They are used for the selective pre-emergence control and early post-emergence control of seedling grass and broadleaved weeds in cropland (299). In addition, some of the triazines, particularly atrazine, prometon [1610-18-0] and simazine [122-34-9] are used for the nonselective control of vegetation in noncropland (2). Simazine may be used for selective control of aquatic weeds (2). 

The drinking water maximum contaminant level (MCL) set by the USEPA for altrazine is 0.003 mg/L and its Reference Dose (RfD) is 3.5 ingAcg-d. How many liters of water containing atrazine at its MCL would a person have to drink each day to e.xceed the RfD for this triazine herbicide ... 

Figure 13.10 LC-LC chromatogram of a surface water sample spiked at 2 p.g 1 with ati azine, and its metabolites (registered at 220 nm). Conditions volume of sample injected, 2 ml clean-up time, 2.60 min ti ansfer time, 4.2 min The blank was subtracted. Peak identification is as follows 1, DIA 2, HA 3, DEA 4, atrazine. Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, A 778, F. Hernandez et al, New method for the rapid detemiination of triazine herbicides and some of thek main metabolites in water by using coupled-column liquid cliromatography and large volume injection , pp. 171-181, copyright 1997, with permission from Elsevier Science.

Depending on the duration of heating yellow-green to dark green chromatogram zones were produced on a weakly colored background. The detection limits of the triazine herbicides cyanazine (h/Jf 25-30), simazine (h/Jf 30-35), atrazine (h/Jf 40-45), terbutylazine (h/Jf 45-50) and anilazine (h/Jf 60-65) were 20 ng substance per chromatogram zone. 

Pelizzetti E, V Maurino, C Minero, V Carlin, E Pramauro, O Zerbinati, ML Tosata (1990) Photocatalytics degradation of atrazine and other 5-triazine herbicides. Environ Sci Technol 24 1559-1565. 

Thus it is significant that for such si/m-triazine herbicides as simazine, atrazine, etc., the health and hygiene MPC (toxicity to warm-blooded animals, including humans) and phytotoxic MPC (toxicity to plants) differ by more than an order of magnitude 0.2-0.5 mg/kg for warm-blooded animals, and 0.01 mg/ kg for plants [89]. Warm-blooded animals and arthropods have a difference in sensitivity to many pyretroids that can reach tens of thousands of times [90]. 

This example illustrates the difficulty of showing pesticides mutagenic activity. For example, mutagenic activity was clearly expressed not in the sym-triazine herbicides atrazine and cyanazine, but in their transformation products formed in corn husks ... 

After use, herbicides decompose slowly, and so affect cultivated plants for many years. In 1990, investigations in many regions of the USSR detected herbicides phytotoxic effects, especially among the si/m-triazine class, on different cultivars in many varied situations [13]. These sym-triazine herbicides, such as protrazin, simazin, atrazine, metazin, and prometrin, were used in different oblasts of the Ukraine, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Russia and Moldavia in previous years, especially on corn. Residual herbicide aftereffects led to the suppression and death of crops such as winter wheat, oats, barley, rye, potatoes, beets and sugar beets, linen, onions, watermelons and other melons, and sunflowers. 

Infurna, R., B. Levy, C. Meng, E. Yau, and V. Traina. 1988. Teratological evaluations of atrazine technical, a triazine herbicide, in rats and rabbits. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 24 307-319. 

Kulshrestha, G., N.T. Yaduraju, and V.S. Mani. 1982. The relative toxicity of the s-triazine herbicides atrazine and simazine to crops. Jour. Environ. Sci. Health B17 341-354. 

J.W. Pensabene, W. Fiddler and D.J. Donahue, Supercritical fluid extraction of atrazine and other triazine herbicides from fortified and incurred eggs. J. Agr. Food Chem. 48 (2000) 1668-1672. 

Beynon, K.I., Stoydin, G, and Wright, A.N. A comparison of the breakdown of the triazine herbicides cyanazine, atrazine, and simazine in soil and in maize, Pestic. Biochem. Physiol, 2 153-161,1972. 

Pelizzetti, E., Maurino, V., Minero, C., Carlin, V., Pramauro, E., Zerbinati, 0., andTosato, M.E. Photocatalytic degradation of atrazine and other s-triazine herbicides. Environ. Sci. TechnoL., 24(10) 1559-1565, 1990. 

Atrazine Triazine 1912-24-9 3.75 1957 Herbicide A triazine herbicide used pre- and postemergence with restricted permitted uses to control broad-leaved weeds and grasses... 

Members of an extensive group of sym-triazine herbicides, usually having one or two secondary amine substituents, block the Hill reaction and inhibit photosynthesis in a manner quite similar to that of the urea herbicides. The most widely used, 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine), (10), is one of several hundred herbicidal analogs... 

This book is about the revolutionary impact of the triazines herbicides, likely the most important class of agricultural chemicals ever developed. For five decades the triazines have provided weed control in more than 50 crops around the world and have helped farmers boost yields and produce enough food to feed a rising global population. The triazine herbicides, and especially atrazine, are the most well-researched herbicides in history, with thousands of scientific studies on their safety to humans and the environment. Data from studies on the triazines have been evaluated extensively by regulatory authorities around the globe to ensure their safe use. 

Most producers concentrated their production on the major triazines (e.g., atrazine, simazine, terbuthylazine, ametryn, and terbutryn). The producers of triazine herbicides through the 1990s are presented in Table 3.1, and producers since 2000 are listed in Table 3.2. 

The triazine herbicides have revolutionized agricultural production of corn and more than 40 other crops. The yield increases, less labor-intensive production, and use for erosion control in conservation tillage are all benefits of the tri-azines, especially atrazine and simazine. Registered since the late 1950s, atrazine is still a mainstay of corn production and likely the most studied herbicide by regulatory agencies. 

---