Established targets

These organelles, the sites of protein synthesis, are well-established targets for antibiotic action. 

High resolution is used to determine the exact mass of an ion species in a mixture knowledge of the exact mass of an unknown substance allows its atomic composition to be established. Target analysis exact mass determination proves the presence of a particular ion species (compound) in a mixture. Mass spectrometry is perhaps the only method that can be used to find the empirical formulae of compounds that are not completely pure. 

The analysis for the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in a sample as a means of evaluating petroleum-contaminated sites is also an analytical method in common use. The data are used to establish target cleanup levels for soil or water by regulatory agencies in the United States and in many other countries. 

There are several reasons why the data for total petroleum hydrocarbons do not provide ideal information for investigating sites and establishing target cleanup criteria. For example, use of the term total petroleum hydrocarbons suggests that the analytical method measures the combined concentration of all petroleum-derived hydrocarbons, thereby giving an accurate indication of site contamination. But this is not always the case. Furthermore, target cleanup levels based on total petroleum hydrocarbons concentrations implicitly assume (1) that the data are an accurate measurement of petroleum-derived hydrocarbon concentration, and (2) the data also indicate the level of risk associated with the contamination. These assumptions are not correct due to many factors, including the nonspecificity of some of the methods used and the complex nature of petroleum hydrocarbons and their interaction with the environment over time. 

Establish target and alert limits for chemical and microbial quality. 

A pool of plasma is composed by mixing residual amounts of plasma left over from analyses, thereby ensuring the anonymity of the pool sample. Each series of analyses should contain at least one pool plasma sample. The results of 8-10 selected amino acids of the pool are plotted in a Shewhart plot to make deviations from the previously established target values visible. Actions following these deviations will have to be devised by the laboratory staff according to standard quality control rules. 

There are two simple factors that can be used for comparison, either with established targets or among several competing projects, which make no allowance for the ways in which money is spent or received, and hence do not allow for the time value of money ... 

These studies, like the film Close Encounters of the Third Kind, suggest an additional paradigm within the cytoskeleton that now moves from the well-established targeting of the structural proteins (i.e. actin, microtubules or intermediate filaments) but moves further along the process to regulate their motion. 

Actual progress against the established targets for both cost and schedule (adjusted for major scope changes). 

Dose range and schedule are also critical. Three or four dose levels are usually employed A high dose, which is toxic to the maternal organism, perhaps lethal up to 10% of dams, is used essentially to obtain an effect and to establish target organ(s) mid-dose(s), which is embryotoxic or embryolethal and possibly teratogenic and a low dose which is comparable on a body weight basis to possible human exposure levels or small multiples thereof. 

These transporters represent established targets of many psychostimulants and antidepressants, which exert their potent psychotropic action via interference with transporter function, resulting in a rise in extracellular levels of monoamines (4,8). Some neuron-specific toxins can enter the cells through plasma membrane monoamine transporters, thereby revealing the additional functional role of transporters as a molecular gateway for neurotoxins (6,9). 

Drug class Established targeted receptor Drug Investigational approach Compound... 

The virus polymerase (L protein) is packaged in the virion along with the N and P proteins, with the N protein encapsidating the viral RNA [70,71]. Although viral polymerases are well-established targets for therapeutic intervention, the RSV L protein is poorly characterized - a function of the inability to fully recapitulate its activity in vitro. 

The goal of the development phase for immunoassays is to establish a method that can consistently produce a reliable result culminating in a validation plan with established target acceptance criteria for accuracy and precision. The following recommended parameters are assessed critically during early development, evaluated in late development, and finally, confirmed during validation. 

Finally, and in sum, it would seem appropriate to also mention the increasingly widely-recognised phenomenon that many proteins have multiple functions and that these can vary profoundly between cellular compartments, indicating that we can simultaneously seek out new functions for established targets as well as seeking to identify new therapeutic roles for established drugs, partly on that basis. 

Established targets for which clinically effective drugs exist... 

Established target Phenotype result Novel target... 

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