SPECIALIZED TECHNOLOGY

Several specialized technologies have been perfected for cosmetic products. Among these, emulsification, stick technology, and powder blending are prominent. 

The design of low-temperature systems, whether mechanical expansion turbine or throtding valve, is a special technology and cannot be adequately covered in this chapter. References on the subject include 20, 21, 23, 60. 

Metallizing Unit cost moderate to high Labor cost moderate to high Investment high Limited Somewhat restricted Critical Good durability Requires special technological know-how Wet and dry process, no tool contact with product. Produces bright metallics. 

J.R. LeBlanc, Digest of Polymer Additives, Specialized Technology Resources Inc., Enfield, CT (2000). 

Because of these product sensitivities, most ophthalmic pharmaceutical products are aseptically manufactured and filled into previously sterilized containers in aseptic environments using aseptic filling-and-capping techniques. This is the case for ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, and ointments, and specialized technology is involved in their manufacture. 

Pesticides produced in the USSR were usually supplied to farms in extremely inconvenient sizes and packaging (in 100- to 200-liter containers, or in 20- to 50-kilogram bags), with labels that were not in accordance with international standards. The concentration of working solutions of pesticides did not hold up. The pesticide delivery technology did not meet requirements. Because of insufficient packaging and specialized technology, up to 20% of the pesticides were lost on the way to the field. Because sprayer construction was of low quality, 30% of the pesticides used were lost. 

The air gas-diffusion electrode developed in this laboratory [5] is a double-layer tablet (thickness ca.1.5 mm), which separates the electrolyte in the cell from the surrounding air. The electrode comprises two layers a porous, from highly hydrophobic, electrically conductive gas layer (from the side of the air) and a catalytic layer (from the side of the electrolyte). The gas layer consists of a carbon-based hydrophobic material produced from acetylene black and PTFE by a special technology [6], The high porosity of the gas layer ensures effective oxygen supply into the reaction zone of the electrode simultaneously the leakage of the electrolyte through the electrode... 

Toys sold in the USA are regulated by the Consumer Products Safety Commission, and the Code of Federal Regulations covers the toy safety standards. In addition, there are a voluntary set of standards established by the American Society for Testing Materials. This article visits a laboratory that helps test new toys, Specialized Technology Resources Inc., and discovers what some of the tests involve. 

US,CONSUMER PRODUCTS SAFETY COMMISSION AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIALIZED TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES INC. OHIO ART CO. PROCESSED PLASTIC CO. 

Krupp Uhde (KU) know-how and technology is based on extensive experience in chlorine production and provides clients with short shutdown periods for the conversion of chlorine plants to membrane technology, low-energy consumption and includes special technologies for higher chlorine quality and hydrogen-free production. 

We will also attempt to link everyday experiences with fiber and film production to the industrial engineering measures taken to improve polymer quality. The similarities based on non-textbook knowledge are thus emphasized. In-depth considerations regarding special technologies would be beyond the scope of this present chapter. Therefore, the main focus is to present a modern state of knowledge regarding the relationship of polymer quality and the requirements of the processes. 

Investigating a catastrophic incident normally requires a team of experienced, highly skilled specialists who represent not only process safety hut also specialized technologies such as ... 

Examine state-of-the-art closure technology and identify any requirements for specialized technology development. 

Relative to the safety program discussed earlier in this chapter, and considering the potential benefits to be derived from the employment of advanced monitoring technologies, the committee believes that there is probably a need for developing specialized technology in this area. 

Decision making Select closure alternative Establish schedule and funding profile Establish public and community communications program Develop schedule baseline Develop cost baseline and manpower estimates Develop health and safety plan Develop special technology Prepare facility closure plan Implement quality assurance plan Install special systems (e.g., CMS) Partial release of areas to EPA closure criteria learned ... 

Non-carbonated beverages represent an important segment of the market for soft drinks but they present some special technological issues for product developer and manufacturer alike. The principal groups of non-carbonated beverages are as follows ... 

The need to reduce metal losses during ammonia oxidation led to the development of a number of specialized technologies. The first was the substitution of alloy gauzes for pure platinum gauzes. Handforth and Tilley (143) demonstrated that platinum gauzes containing 10-20% Rh lost far less metal than pure platinum screens and were actually somewhat more active than pure... 

In-process controls such as stratined sampling, process analytical technology (PAT) application, and blend homogeneity. Assess modincation of dissolution through optimization of API characteristics and then perform assessment of specialized technologies [hot-melt extrusion (HME), spray-dried dispersion, solid dispersion, etc.] for long-term resolution... 

Placing an amperometric device in real samples, e.g. blood, a degradation of electrochemical performance over time occurs due to contamination of the electrode reducing electro chemically accessible reaction sites [67]. Therefore surface modifications or special electrode materials like e.g. carbon are needed and the electrodes have to be covered with functional membranes to ensure full faradaic current. This poses a problem in the production even using special technologies. 

For a practical transesterification reaction, next to high yields, an equimolar ratio of the reactants is desirable. The catalyst should be neutral and easily separable, and no special technology for alcohol removal should be needed [11]. These requirements are fulfilled by the fluorous tagged distannoxane catalyst 6. Transesterification yields are quantitative and the FC-72 solution (FC-72 and FC-75 are commercially available mixtures of perfluoroalkanes) of the catalyst can be reused. 

J.M. Johnston and M. Williams, Enhanced Canine Explosive Detection Odor Generalization, Unclassified Final Report for Contract No. DAAD05-96-D-7019, Office of Special Technology, 1999. 

---