Parenteral route intravenous injection

The intravenous (IV) parenteral route directly injects medication into the circulatory system, providing rapid onset. The IV should be inserted in the dorsal vein but can also be inserted into the ... 

Iron salts occasionally cause gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, headache, backache, and allergic reactions. The stools usually appear darker (black). Iron dextran is given by the parenteral route Hypersensitivity reactions, including fatal anaphylactic reactions, have been reported with the use of this form of iron. Additional adverse reactions include soreness, inflammation, and sterile abscesses at the intramuscular (IM) injection site Intravenous (IV) administration may result in phlebitis at the injection site When iron is administered via the IM route, a brownish discoloration of tlie skin may occur. Fhtients with rheumatoid arthritis may experience an acute exacerbation of joint pain, and swelling may occur when iron dextran is administered. 

There are a number of special concerns about the safety of materials that are routinely injected (parenterally administered) into the body. By definition, these concerns are all associated with materials that are the products of the pharmaceutical and (in some minor cases) medical device industries. Such parenteral routes include three major ones IV (intravenous), IM (intramuscular), and SC (subcutaneous) and a number of minor routes (such as intra-arterial) that are not considered here. 

Bolus intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injections can be administered by a single person by securing the animal s arm through the cage bars (Mazue and Richez, 1982). For safety considerations, many investigators prefer to have the animal physically restrained by a second person before the injection is given. Arterial injections (via the femoral artery) as well as limited or continuous intravenous infusion (via catheterization of the femoral or jugular vein) are other less commonly used parenteral routes in the monkey. 

Parenteral administration This route is applicable for drugs which are inactivated by gastrointestinal tract or absorption is poor when given orally or there is a urgency for fast response in small dose. Intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous routes are commonly used. The intravenous injection (in aqueous solution) is introduced directly into the vein by which a rapid response is produced. The subcutaneous injection are given through the layer of skin, while intramuscular injection, introduced through the skin layer deep into the muscle. The nature of intramuscular injection may be in aqueous or oily solution/suspension form. The aqueous solution will be rapidly absorbed as compared to oily solution or suspension. So, the rate of absorption is dependent on the nature of the preparation. 

Some of the dosage formulations available for protein pharmaceuticals are listed in Table 5.7. An examination of Table 5.7 reveals that no protein drug up until this time has been formulated for oral administration. Most protein drugs are administered by means of injection (parenteral administration). Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intra-arterial, intracardiac, intraspinal or intrathecal, intramuscular, intrasynovial, intracuta-neous or intradermal, subcutaneous injections, and injection directly into a dermal lesion (e.g., a wart). The parenteral route of administration requires a much higher standard of purity and sterility than oral administration. It also may require trained... 

Protein-based drugs have been formulated mainly as stable liquids or in cases where liquid stability is limiting as lyophilized dosage forms to be reconstituted with a suitable diluent prior to injection. This is because their delivery has been limited primarily to the parenteral routes of intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), or intramuscular (IM) administration. There are a few drugs that have been developed for pulmonary delivery, such as rhDNase (Pulmozyme ) and an inhalable formulation of insulin (e.g., Exubra ). However, even such drugs have been formulated as either liquid or lyophilized or spray-dried powders. This chapter will focus only on excipients that are applicable to liquid and lyophilized protein formulations. 

Drugs are administered to animals by parenteral or enteral administration, and topical application. Parenteral administration bypasses the alimentary tract and can be effected by a variety of routes including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intrapleural injections inhalation and percuta-neously. In intravenous injections, entry of dmgs into the system depends only upon the rate of injection and not on absorption into the bloodstream. As a result, water-soluble poorly absorbed drugs may be readily administered. 

Dosages and routes of administration Meptazinol is used in parenteral doses of 50-100 mg, given every 2-4 hrs by intramuscular or slow intravenous injection. For shortterm treatment of moderate pain, the compound can be given by oral administration in doses of 200 mg every 3-6 h. 

Injections are unpleasant and patient acceptance and compliance via this route are low. Intravenous injections may only be given by qualified medical professionals, making this route expensive and inconvenient. Intramuscular and subcutaneous preparations are self-injectable however, patients dislike them. In addition, elderly, infirm and pediatric patients cannot administer their own injections and require assistance, thereby increasing inconvenience to these patients and the cost of their therapy. Increased medical complications can result from the poor compliance associated with the parenteral route. 

Routine parenteral administration by injection serves to deliver drugs to specific body tissues. The most important routes of injection of these sterile products are intramuscular (im), intravenous (iv) and subcutaneous (sc). Basic parenteral formulation involves the selection of appropriate bases (e.g. aqueous, oily and emulsions) to achieve the desired bioavailability following injection. The detailed description of... 

Intravascular Intravenous (IV) injection is the most common parenteral route. For drugs that are not absorbed orally, there is often no other choice. With IV administration, the drug avoids the Gl tract and, therefore, first-pass metabolism by the liver. This route permits a rapid effect and a maximal degree of control over the circulating levels of the drug. However, unlike drugs present in the Gl tract, those that are injected cannot be recalled by... 

The sodium succinate ester is rapidly absorbed following intramuscular administration, with peak plasma concentrations obtained in 2 h. For parenteral administration in intensive or emergency therapy, methylprednisolone sodium succinate may be given by intramuscular or intravenous injection or by intravenous infusion. The intravenous route is preferred for its more rapid effect in emergency therapy. 

The U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) classifies injections into five different types. The dosage form selected for a particular drug product is dependent upon the characteristics of the drug molecule (e.g., stability in solution, solubility, and injectability), the desired therapeutic effect of the product (e.g., immediate vs. sustained release), and the desired route of administration. Solutions and some emulsions (e.g., miscible with blood) can be injected via most parenteral routes of administration. Suspensions and solutions that are not miscible with blood (e.g., injections employing oleaginous vehicles) can be administered via intramuscular or subcutaneous injection but should not be given intravenously. 

A parenteral route is used to inject medication into the patient. There are four parenteral routes intradermal (ID), subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), and intravenous (IV). The healthcare provider determines the choice of route based on the medication, desired onset, and the patient s needs. 

The subcutaneous parenteral route is an injection into the skin (subcutaneous) where the medication is slowly absorbed into the capillaries, resulting in a slower onset than intramuscular and intravenous parenteral routes. The subcutaneous parenteral injection site should have an adequate fat pad and injections must be rotated to prevent lipodystrophy. Lipodystrophy is the loss of fat under the skin, resulting in effective absorption of the medication. Subcutaneous parenteral injection sites are ... 

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