Presentation of drug

The retention of potent enzyme inhibition and in vitro antiviral activity in the presence of functionalisation with relatively long hydrophobic chains at C-7 of zanamivir has been exploited in the development of di- and poly-valent structmes carrying zanamivir (reviewed in Sun 2007). Multivalent presentation of drug may... 

The clinical presentation of AIN is somewhat varied. Classically, the presentation of drug-induced AIN is divided into a "methicillin-like" presentation or "non-methicillin-like" presentation. AIN associated with me-thicillin presents as a classic hypersensitivity reaction consisting of the triad of fever, rash and eosinophilia. This presentation is much less common in patients who develop AIN from PPI s, with symptoms resembling the "non-methicillin-like" pattern. Although data are not available in all reported cases, it appears that less then 10% of patients with PPl-induced AIN have the... 

Figure 3 Diagrammatic illustration of the issues associated with the presentation of drugs in carrier systems designed for targeting compatibility, loading, opsonization, extravasation, and diffusion are the main parameters that determine arrival at the target site. Premature release of drug, aggregation of the particles, and shear forces in capillary flow affect receptor interaction and uptake.

Acute tubular necrosis is the most common presentation of drug-induced kidney disease in hospitalized patients. The primary agents implicated are aminoglycosides, radiocontrast media, cisplatin, amphotericin B, foscarnet, and os-motically active agents. 

Various types of additives introduced in the galenic presentation of drugs such as dyes (e.g., tartrazine) preservatives (e.g., parabens) or filling material (e.g., car-boxymethylcellulose, starch) may function themselves as sensitizers or as inert ma-cromolecular carriers facilitating the formation in vitro of eliciting hapten conjugates. Indeed, it has been shown that carboxymethylcellulose, for example, is an efficient carrier for penicilloyl groups, (Schneider et al. 1971) and may by itself act as sensitizer in cattle (de Weck et al. 1969). 

The effects of drugs in animals are usually concentration dependent and are also often animal species and site-of-action dependent " " " thus the compounds may be present naturally in diets at low levels and produce no obvious adverse effects, either on the animal, gut microflora, meat, milk or eggs. The main purpose of the use of drugs in animal feeds is to improve the animal health and welfare and often to improve growth at minimum cost to the producer.In the case of naturally produced compounds that may occur in the feedstuff s of animals, these compounds may impair animal health and performance as well as cause im-... 

Tn comparing the content of drug extract in the final product, teas in granule form are usually very much inferior to instant teas which arc prepared from spray-dried extracts teas in granular form, in addition to 97 -98% filler and carrier substances often contain only 2-3% dry extract, while in spray-dried products almost ten times as much, viz on average 20%, drug extract is present. 

Pnor to 1975, discussions of fluonnatcd pharmaceuticals focused mainly on anti-mflammatory steroids, antipsychotic phenothiazines, and 5-fluorouraciI and Its derivatives as anticancer agents [/ 2] Dunng the past 25 years, and especially in the last decade, tluonnated dmgs have been marketed for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases This section will focus on those presently marketed drugs where the presence of fluonne has produced significant therapeuhc advantages... 

A measure of the actual amount of drug in the body can be obtained from the area under the curve of the temporal concentration curve (calculated by integration). Interestingly, the temporal behavior of a drug can be extremely important in therapeutics. For example, consider three preparations of a drug that present identical values for area under the curve (i.e., amount of drug absorbed) but have different kinetics of absorption (Figure 8.23). As shown, preparation B produces a useful profile whereby the concentration exceeds the minimal effective concentration... 

Cellular context refers to the physiological conditions present for the particular tissue of interest in a therapeutic environment. It can be important in determining the effects of drugs, and therefore in how drugs are screened and... 

Neuraminidase inhibitors are the major class of drugs to treat or to prevent the infection with influenza viruses. Currently, two neuraminidase inhibitors are available, zanamivir and oseltamivir, which block the release of new influenza vims from infected host cells and thereby stop the spread of infection. The enzyme neuraminidase is a surface glycoprotein present on all influenza viruses. There are nine influenza neuraminidase sub-types known of which subtypes N1 and N2 appear to be the most important ones. Neuraminidase inhibitors are effective against all neuraminidase subtypes. The activity of the neuraminidase is required for the newly... 

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