Parenteral route subcutaneous

The subcutaneous parenteral route is an injection into the skin (subcutaneous) where the medication is slowly absorbed into the capillaries, resulting in a slower onset than intramuscular and intravenous parenteral routes. The subcutaneous parenteral injection site should have an adequate fat pad and injections must be rotated to prevent lipodystrophy. Lipodystrophy is the loss of fat under the skin, resulting in effective absorption of the medication. Subcutaneous parenteral injection sites are ... 

Injections are made using a 25- to 27-gauge needle that is 1/2 or 5/8 inches in length and with a 1- to 3-ml syringe calibrated 0.5 to 1.5 ml. (Syringes for insulin are measured in units, not ml.) When administering medication using the subcutaneous parenteral route ... 

Insulin must be administered via the parenteral route, usually the subcutaneous (SC) route Insulin cannot be administered orally because it is a protein and readily destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract. Regular insulin is the only insulin preparation given intravenously (IV). Regular insulin is given 30 to 60 minutes before a meal to achieve optimal results. 

The chapter covers end points in the same order they appear within the Discussion of Health Effects by Route of Exposure section, by route (inhalation, oral, dermal) and within route by effect. Human data are presented first, then animal data. Both are organized by duration (acute, intermediate, chronic). In vitro data and data from parenteral routes (intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, etc.) are also considered in this chapter. If data are located in the scientific literature, a table of genotoxicity information is included. 

Parenteral administration of drugs by intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), or subcutaneous (SC) routes is now an established and essential part of medical practice. Advantages for parenterally administered drugs include the following rapid onset, predictable effect, predictable and nearly complete bioavailability, and avoidance of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and, hence, the problems of variable absorption, drug inactivation, and GI distress. In addition, the parenteral route provides reliable drug administration in very ill or comatose patients. 

UFH must be given parenterally, preferably by the IV or subcutaneous (SC) route. Intramuscular administration is discouraged because absorption is erratic and it may cause large hematomas. 

No antibody activity was found after oral immunization in any of the individual rabbits immunized with liposphere R32NS 1-vaccine formulation. However, rabbit immunization by all parenteral routes tested resulted in enhanced immunogenicity, with increased antibody IgG levels over the entire postimmunization period. The individual rabbit immune response shows that immunization by subcutaneous injection was the most effective vaccination route among all parenteral routes of administration tested. 

The dosing regimens can be quite variable and at times very techniqueintensive. These chemicals are almost always administered by a parenteral route of administration normally intravenously or subcutaneously. Dosing regimens have run the range from once every two weeks for an antihormone vaccine to continuous infusion for a short-lived protein. 

There are a number of special concerns about the safety of materials that are routinely injected (parenterally administered) into the body. By definition, these concerns are all associated with materials that are the products of the pharmaceutical and (in some minor cases) medical device industries. Such parenteral routes include three major ones IV (intravenous), IM (intramuscular), and SC (subcutaneous) and a number of minor routes (such as intra-arterial) that are not considered here. 

Bolus intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injections can be administered by a single person by securing the animal s arm through the cage bars (Mazue and Richez, 1982). For safety considerations, many investigators prefer to have the animal physically restrained by a second person before the injection is given. Arterial injections (via the femoral artery) as well as limited or continuous intravenous infusion (via catheterization of the femoral or jugular vein) are other less commonly used parenteral routes in the monkey. 

PROMETHAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE The preferred parenteral route of administration is deep IM injection properly administered IV doses are well tolerated, but this method is associated with increased hazard. IV administration should not exceed 25 mg/mL at a rate no more than 25 mg/min. Avoid subcutaneous and intra-arterial injection. Use contraindicated in patients younger than 2 years of age. 

---