Intravenous parenteral route

The subcutaneous parenteral route is an injection into the skin (subcutaneous) where the medication is slowly absorbed into the capillaries, resulting in a slower onset than intramuscular and intravenous parenteral routes. The subcutaneous parenteral injection site should have an adequate fat pad and injections must be rotated to prevent lipodystrophy. Lipodystrophy is the loss of fat under the skin, resulting in effective absorption of the medication. Subcutaneous parenteral injection sites are ... 

When administering medication using the intravenous parenteral route ... 

Classical metabolism and tissue distribution studies do not provide necessary information for the safety evaluation of interferons and interleukins. Absorption (bioavailability) data from a non-intravenous parenteral route are recommended. 

Iron salts occasionally cause gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, headache, backache, and allergic reactions. The stools usually appear darker (black). Iron dextran is given by the parenteral route Hypersensitivity reactions, including fatal anaphylactic reactions, have been reported with the use of this form of iron. Additional adverse reactions include soreness, inflammation, and sterile abscesses at the intramuscular (IM) injection site Intravenous (IV) administration may result in phlebitis at the injection site When iron is administered via the IM route, a brownish discoloration of tlie skin may occur. Fhtients with rheumatoid arthritis may experience an acute exacerbation of joint pain, and swelling may occur when iron dextran is administered. 

Insulin must be administered via the parenteral route, usually the subcutaneous (SC) route Insulin cannot be administered orally because it is a protein and readily destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract. Regular insulin is the only insulin preparation given intravenously (IV). Regular insulin is given 30 to 60 minutes before a meal to achieve optimal results. 

The chapter covers end points in the same order they appear within the Discussion of Health Effects by Route of Exposure section, by route (inhalation, oral, dermal) and within route by effect. Human data are presented first, then animal data. Both are organized by duration (acute, intermediate, chronic). In vitro data and data from parenteral routes (intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, etc.) are also considered in this chapter. If data are located in the scientific literature, a table of genotoxicity information is included. 

Parenteral administration of drugs by intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), or subcutaneous (SC) routes is now an established and essential part of medical practice. Advantages for parenterally administered drugs include the following rapid onset, predictable effect, predictable and nearly complete bioavailability, and avoidance of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and, hence, the problems of variable absorption, drug inactivation, and GI distress. In addition, the parenteral route provides reliable drug administration in very ill or comatose patients. 

In recent years, parenteral dosage forms, especially IV forms, have enjoyed increased use. The reasons for this growth are many and varied, but they can be summed up as (a) new and better parenteral administration techniques, (b) an increasing number of drugs that can be administered only by a parenteral route, (c) the need for simultaneous administration of multiple drugs in hospitalized patients receiving IV therapy, (d) new forms of nutritional therapy, such as intravenous lipids, amino acids, and trace metals, and (e) the extension of parenteral therapy into the home. 

Some parenteral routes of administration were less effective than others in producing an increase in the frequency of benign or malignant tumors, including intravenous, submaxillary, and intrahepatic... 

The dosing regimens can be quite variable and at times very techniqueintensive. These chemicals are almost always administered by a parenteral route of administration normally intravenously or subcutaneously. Dosing regimens have run the range from once every two weeks for an antihormone vaccine to continuous infusion for a short-lived protein. 

There are a number of special concerns about the safety of materials that are routinely injected (parenterally administered) into the body. By definition, these concerns are all associated with materials that are the products of the pharmaceutical and (in some minor cases) medical device industries. Such parenteral routes include three major ones IV (intravenous), IM (intramuscular), and SC (subcutaneous) and a number of minor routes (such as intra-arterial) that are not considered here. 

Bolus intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injections can be administered by a single person by securing the animal s arm through the cage bars (Mazue and Richez, 1982). For safety considerations, many investigators prefer to have the animal physically restrained by a second person before the injection is given. Arterial injections (via the femoral artery) as well as limited or continuous intravenous infusion (via catheterization of the femoral or jugular vein) are other less commonly used parenteral routes in the monkey. 

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