Injectable medications

Adherence Adherence and continuation of these injectable medications can be a significant problem. Overall, there is no significant difference between the rates of discontinuation for the products (17% to 41%). The main reasons for discontinuation are adverse effects and lack of efficacy. Realistic expectations regarding therapy improve adherence rates.44... 

The present chapter deals with different calculations associated with parenteral medications which include rate of flow of intravenous fluids, parenteral insulin and heparin administration, reconstitution of powdered medications, and milliequivalent and milliosmole calculations pertinent to injectable medications. 

For a detailed discussion on milliequivalent calculations, please refer to Chapter 5. Some milliequivalent calculations relevant to injectable medications are presented in this section. 

The medicinal, or therapeutic, uses of codeine are to relieve pain, to suppress cough, and to control diarrhea (see Chapters 2 and 3). Because of its usefulness and availability as an oral medication (as opposed to an injectable medication), codeine may be the single most commonly dispensed prescription medicine in the United States. In 2004, the last full year for which data are available, more than 157 million prescriptions were written for codeine. This number of prescriptions was the highest of the 20 most-prescribed therapeutic categories. Prescriptions for codeine, and codeine-containing medicines, accounted for 3.3 billion dollars of pharmaceutical sales in the United States in 2004. Preliminary data show that the number of prescriptions for codeine for the nine-month period January to September 2005 is more than 164 million, so the drug continues to gain in popularity. 

The relatively low toxicity of the partial esters of the hexitol anhydrides makes them desirable emulsifiers for injectable medications. D-Mannide mono-oleate was used in a patented, single-injection, vaccine composition122 and in an adjuvant vaccine.123... 

Combination Therapy—Oral Antidiabetic Agents Injectable Medication... 

Subcutaneous. Injecting medications directly beneath the skin is used when a local response is desired, such as in certain situations requiring local anesthesia. Also, a slower, more prolonged release of the medication into the systemic circulation can be achieved in situations where this is the desired effect. A primary example is insulin injection in a patient with diabetes mellitus. Subcutaneous administration provides a relatively easy route of parenteral injection that can be performed by patients themselves, providing they are properly trained. 

One of the great rules of thumb in chemistry is like dissolves like. That means that polar solutes are more soluble in polar solvents, while nonpolar solutes are more soluble in nonpolar solvents. We have discussed molecular polarity in a previous chapter, but you can consider most organic compounds to be nonpolar. The most polar species are, obviously, ionic compounds, followed by species that can form hydrogen bonds, such as water and ethanol (CH3CH2OH). Therefore, you would expect ionic compounds to be soluble in water, but not very soluble in an organic solvent such as ether or hexane. On the other hand, you would expect an organic compound, like the vast majority of the pure form of injectable medications, to be relatively insoluble in a water-based medium such as blood. 

Three types of packages are defined for injectable medications. The first, the bulk package, has very few restrictions. The closure must be sterile and should be penetrated only once following the filling. The container should only be violated under sterile conditions, no antimicrobial additive is necessary, and no volume restrictions apply. 

A parenteral route is used to inject medication into the patient. There are four parenteral routes intradermal (ID), subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), and intravenous (IV). The healthcare provider determines the choice of route based on the medication, desired onset, and the patient s needs. 

The intravenous (IV) parenteral route directly injects medication into the circulatory system, providing rapid onset. The IV should be inserted in the dorsal vein but can also be inserted into the ... 

Patient should lie down before injecting medication. 

The mass/volume percent, %(m/v), states the mass of solute dissolved in a given volume of solution. Almost always, mass is in grams and volume in milliliters. Mass/volume percent is widely used in medicine for injectable medications and IV solutions. If a solution has a concentration of 2.5%(m/v), it contains 2.5 g of solute in 100 mL of solution. The units of g and mL do not appear in the concentration term, you must remember that with %(m/v), mass is in grams and volume in milliliters. 

Problem 3 An injectable medication solution contains 0.0750 g of medication in 1.00 mL of solution, (a) What is the %(m/v) of this solution (b) How many milliliters of this solution must be used to give a patient 0.0300 g of medication ... 

The first recorded attempt to inject medication intentionally was in 1665 by Sir Christopher Wren, then Professor of Astronomy at Oxford and later to become a famous architect. Wren worked on animals, but later attempts by a Johann Taylor were with humans. Unfortunately the crude nature of the apparatus, the absence of pure drugs and ignorance caused the practice to fall into disrepute. 

Knowledge of depot preparations (long-acting, injectable medications) also can be invaluable when working with chronic clients who need long-term therapy or who are difficult in terms of compliance (Lehne Scott, 1996). 

The suppository route is used to absorb medication directly into the rectum or vagina. The parenteral route is used to inject medication directly into the dermal or subcutaneous tissue, muscle, or into the veins. 

This would be appropriate when injecting medications intramuscularly or subcutaneously, but dopamine can only be administered intravenously. 

Sales figures for AMDs and coccidiostats are presented in Table 2.16. The decrease in tonnage sales of AMDs in food animals is partly accounted for by the ban on growth promoters, which took effect on January 1, 2006. For AMDs, it will be seen that by far the largest tonnage (59% of total) relates to medicated feedstuffs, followed by products formulated for oral or water medication (29%) and injectable medication (10%). For intramammary products, 56.6% was for dry-cow and 43.4% for lactating cow therapy. Of the coccidiostats, 72% comprised ionophores. It should be noted that the proportion of the 327 metric tons of AMDs, which was administered to food animals but did not enter the food chain, is unknown. 

Q. Are trigger point injections medical treatment since they can be either diagnostic or treatment . 

Propylene glycol is commonly used to solubilize drugs in topical, oral, and injectable medications. Cardiac arrhythmias, CNS depression, and seizures have been reported in children who have ingested liquid medications containing propylene glycol, and... 

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